The Support to Improve Self Efficacy and Healing of Drugs Addict

Appropriate counseling and education can be adopted to achieve a change in attitude, knowledge and perception. Still there is a wrong perception of a given intervention. Peer support through a process of social learning, the process of growing understanding of how to process information from experience, observational include: attention (attention), given (retention), reproduction of motion (reproduction), motivation (motivation), and communication. The purpose of this study was to analyze resident self-efficacy to regardless of drug addiction through family support. This study employed qualitative approach with case study design. Subjects in this study were residents, ex drugs user, peer support, and resident family. The results showed that peer support from fellow residents and the support of the major on duty (MOD) very meaningful and helpful for resident in the healing process

Association Between Maternal Education, Family Income, and Infant Development, in Community Health Center Peneleh, Surabaya

BACKGROUND: Child development is an important parameter of child health. Child development is influenced by several factors including prenatal condition, culture, family socioeconomic status, nutrition, climate or weather, exercise, child position in the family, intelligence, and hormonal influence. Somatotrophic hormone and thyroid hormone stimulate body metabolism. Parental factors such as parental emotion, education, and experience, may also affect child development. This study aimed to estimate the association between maternal education, family income, and infant development. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This study was a cross sectional study conducted in Surabaya, East Java. A sample of 215 children aged 24 to 36 months from Setro hamlet, Tambaksari sub-district, Surabaya, East Java. The independent variables were family income and maternal education. These variables were measured by a questionnaire. The dependent variable was child development. This variable was measured by Pre Screening of Development Questionnaire (Kuesioner Pre Skrining Perkembangan, KPSP), which was developed by the Ministry of Health. The data was analyzed by a multiple linear regression. RESULTS: There were positive relationships between family income (b=1.14; 95% CI=0.37 to 1.92, p=0.005), maternal education (b=1.58; 95%CI=0.58 to 2.58; p=0.002) and child development. Children aged 2 to 3 years old with family income >Rp 2.000.000 per month had better child development than those with lower income. Children aged 2 to 3 years old with high school or higher maternal education had better child development than those with lower education. CONCLUSION: Higher maternal education and higher family income have positive impact on child development. Keywords: maternal education, family income, child developmen

Improving the Development of Children with Neurodevelopment Disorder by Empowering the Occupational Therapists in Aquatic Program

Background: There are different therapies that can be used to help the development of children with neurodevelopmental disorder, one of which is aquatic therapy. This therapy was a recreational therapy that involves the use of water and it plays an important role in enhancing the child’s quality of life and improving productivity. Therapists use specifically-designed water activities to help children restore, improve, and enhance their functions.This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of occupational therapist empowerment training in aquatic program on the knowledge, attitude, and competence of occupational therapists, and the effectiveness aquatic therapy on improving the development of children with neurodevelopment disorder. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi experiment study with pre and post test design. A sample of 88 occupational therapists were selected for this experiment. Knowledge, attitude, and competence of the therapists before and after empowerment training were measured and compared. Likewise, 78 children with neurodevelopmental disorder in Central Java who were under treatment by the occupational therapists were measured and compared before and after the occupational therapist empowerment training, in terms of motoric and sensoric development. The data were analyzed by linear regression analysis model. Results: Empowerment training significantly increased knowledge (b=3.95; 95% CI= 3.55 to 4.34; p<0.001), attitude (b=3.49; 95% CI= 2.84 to 4.14; p<0.001), and competence (b=2.73; 95% CI= 1.93 to 3.53; p<0.001) of the occupational therapists. Aquatic therapy resulting from empowerment training significantly increased motoric (b=1.39; 95% CI= 1.04 to 1.74; p<0.001), and sensoric (b=2.79; 95% CI= 2.13 to 3.45; p<0.001) development of children with neurodevelopment disorder. Conclusion: Empowerment training effectively increases knowledge, attitude, and competence of occupational therapists. In turn, aquatic therapy conducted by the occupational therapists effectively increases motoric and sensoric development of children with neurodevelopment disorder. Keywords: Occupational therapist,aquatic program, empowerment training, competence, motoric development, sensoric development, neurodevelopment disorder, childre

Factors Associated with Years of Life with Disability in Patients with Leprosy: A Path Analysis Evidence from Kelet Hospital, Central Java

Background: Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of leprosy casesin 2015 was 211,973 in 108 countries in the world. The number of leprosy cases in Indonesia ranks third after India and Brazil. There are 14,000 (8%) leprosy cases with disability. This study aimed to determine factors affecting disability and Years of Life with Disability (YLD) attributable to leprosy in patients with leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted at Kelet Hospital, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 140 leprosy patients was selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 70 patients with disability and 70 patients without disability. The dependent variables were disability and YLD. The independent variables were age, education level, and self care. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: Disability increases YLD (b= 0.37; 95% CI= 0.31 to 0.43; p<0.001). Disability increased with older age (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.38 to 2.43; p= 0.007) and decreased with better self care (b= -3.80; 95% CI= -4.90 to -2.71; p<0.001). Better self care increased with high education level (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.03 to 2.89; p<0.001). Conclusion: Older age increases the risk of disability, whereas self care decreases the risk of disability. Disability itself increases YLD. Higher education improves self care. Keywords: leprosy, disability, years of life with disability, determinan

Health Belief Model on The Determinants of Self Care among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Promoting self-care and self-management behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus related have been associated with improved clinical outcomes, fewer complications, enhanced glycaemic control, and quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of self care among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, using Health Belief Model. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study carried out at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from March to April 2018. A sample of 200 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was selected by total sampling. The dependent variable was self preventive care. The independent variables were perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and cues to action. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Self preventive care in type 2 diabetes mellitus increased with strong perceived susceptibility (OR= 2.56; 95% CI= 1.11 to 5.91; p= 0.027), strong perceived severity (OR= 6.56; 95% CI= 3.03 to 14.22; p<0.001), and cues to action (OR= 4.38; 95% CI= 1.81 to 10.56; p<0.001). Conclusion: Self preventive care in type 2 diabetes mellitus increases with perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and cues to action. Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, self preventive care, health belief mode

Factors Associated with Quality of Health Services and The Contextual Effect of Community Health Center

Background: The quality of the employees’ workplace environment impacts on their motivation level and hence performance. When employees have the desire, physically and emotionally to work, then their performance shall be increased. Work performance in turn affects the quality of health service. This study aimed to determine factors associated with quality of health service at Puskesmas (community health center) taking account of the contextual effect of Puskesmas as the workplace. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Puskesmas Surakarta and Karanganyar, Central Java, from June to July 2018. A total of 25 Puskesmas was selected for this study. A sample of 225 patients was selected for this study. The dependent variable was quality of health service. The independent variables were patient income, health insurance status, educational status, work motivation of the doctor, work satisfaction of the doctor, experience of the doctor, and accreditation of Puskesmas. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression. Results: The quality of health service in Puskesmas increased with patient income (b= 0.39; 95% CI= 0.19 to 0.59; p<0.001), health insurance status (b= 0.39; 95% CI= 0.22 to 0.64; p<0.001), educational status (b= 0.26; 95% CI= 0.15 to 0.36; p<0.001), work satisfaction of the doctor (b= 0.08; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.12; p<0.001), and accreditation of Puskesmas (b= 1.90; 95% CI= 1.60 to 2.20; p<0.001). The effects of doctor’s motivation and experiences were not statistically significant. Puskesmas had a substantial contextual effect on the quality of health service with intraclass correlation (ICC) = 34.31%. Conclusion: The quality of health service in Puskesmas increases with patient income, health insurance status, educational status, work satisfaction of the doctor, and accreditation of Puskesmas. Keywords: contextual factor, motivation, work satisfaction, accreditation, quality of health service, Puskesma

Factors Affecting Parenting Stress in Mothers with Disability Children in Sukoharjo, Central Java

Background: Mothers play an important role in the care of children with physical and psychological disabilities. However, the role of caring children with disabilities can cause stress for the mother. Parenting stress can lead to anxiety, emotional instability, and avoidance of the environment in mother. This, in turn, may deteriorate the quality of family life. As a result, children with disabilities may experience development and growth disorders. This study aimed to determine the factors that affect the parenting stress in the caring of children with disability in Sukoharjo District, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Sanggar Inklusi, Sukoharjo, Central Java, from February to March 2018. A sample of 163 mothers with disabled children was selected for this study by exhaustive sampling. The dependent variable was parenting stress. The independent variables were adversity intelligence, disability level, maternal education, maternal employment status, family income, and family support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of maternal parenting stress increased with children disability (b= 4.64, SE= 1.72, p= 0.07) and mothers working outside the house (b= 1.68, SE= 0.93, p= 0.069). The risk of maternal parenting stress decreased with high adversity intelligence (b= -0.28, SE= 0.12, p= 0.016), high maternal education (b= -8.50, SE= 0.86, p< 0.001), high family income (b= -0.28, SE= 0.16, p= 0.078), and strong family support (b= -0.22, SE= 0.08, p= 0.007). Conclusion: The risk of maternal parenting stress increases with high children disability and maternal employment status, but decreases with high adversity intelligence, high maternal education, high family income, and strong family support. Keywords: parenting stress, children, disabilit

Factors Affecting Pneumonia Occurrence in Children Under-Five in Nduga District, Papua

Background: The goverment of Nduga district, Papua, had reported that between 2012 to 2017 as many as 779 children under five had been diagnosed as pneumonia cases. Various factors had been hypothesized as the risk factors for pneumonia including poor health status, low family income, and unhealthy behaviour. In addition, Papua traditional homes “Honai” with high ambient indoor air pollution may increase the risk of pneumonia by damaging alveolar macrophages in the lungs. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting pneumonia occurrence in children under-five in Nduga, Papua. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in Yigi and Mbua Sub-districts, Nduga District, Papua, from December 2017 to February 2018. A sample of 184 children under-five consisting of 88 children with pneumonia (case) and 96 children without pneumonia (control), was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were BCG immunization status, family income, indoor household air pollution, and environmental sanitation. The dependent variable was pneumonia. Data were collected by questionnaire and medical record. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of pneumonia in children under-five increased by absence of BCG immunization (OR= 6.15; 95% CI= 2.78 to 13.61; p<0.001), poor indoor household air pollution (OR= 5.68; 95% CI= 2.63 to 12.26; p<0.001), and poor sanitation (OR= 5.06; 95% CI= 2.16 to 11.83; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia in children under-five decreased by higher family income (OR= 0.30; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.70; p= 0.005). Conclusion: Pneumonia in children under five increases by indoor household air pollution, poor sanitation, absence BCG immunization, and lower family income. Keywords: pneumonia, indoor pollution, sanitation, BCG immunization, family incom