Ion composition and drift observations in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere

The first in situ measurements of ion composition in the nighttime equatorial E and F region ionospheres (90-300 km) are presented and discussed. These profiles were obtained by two rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers launched from Thumba, India on March 9-10, 1970 at solar zenith angles of 112 deg and 165 deg. Ionosonde data established that the composition was measured at times bounding a period of F region downward drift. During this period the ions O(+) and N(+) were enhanced by one to three orders of magnitude between 220 and 300 km. Below the drift region (200 km), O(+) ceased to be the major ionic constituent, but the concentrations of O(+) and N(+) remained larger than predicted from known radiation sources and loss processes. Here also, both the O2(+) and NO(+) profiles retained nearly the same shape and magnitude throughout the night in agreement with theories assuming scattered UV radiation to be the maintaining source. Light metallic ions including Mg(+), Na(+) and possibly Si(+) were observed to altitude approaching 300 km, while the heavier ions Ca(+) and K(+) were seen in reduced quantity to 200 km. All metal ion profiles exhibited changes which can be ascribed to vertical drifting

Framework for evaluating the economic efficiency of a cooperative sheep slaughter house at Bangalore, India

Expansion and/or improvement of the two existing slaughter houses will not solve the problem of supplying high quality meat to the ever-growing population of the city of Bangalore. Consolidation of the entire operations of slaughtering, dressing, distribution, and of the ownership of the animals and products under a cooperative arrangement appears to be a better situation. The overall objective of this study is to provide information and develop cost data pertaining to the construction and equipping of a model slaughter house for the Bangalore area that is designed like the packing houses presently existing in the United States of America. The specific and detailed objectives are these: 1. To describe in sufficient detail the physical and technical specifications of a new slaughterhouse adapted to the needs of the Bangalore market area. 2. To describe the methodological approach to the measurement of various costs associated with the assembling, slaughtering, and dressing operations for sheep. 3. To develop the cost functions associated with the operation of the proposed model plant at varying rates of utilization. 4. To present the appropriate theoretical framework for evaluating the economic efficiency of plant operation. 5. To indicate the steps needed to set up a cooperative stockyard in the vicinity of the slaughter house and a cooperative organization to operate the model slaughter house, It is presumed that the basic approach of the model plant and organization can then be applied to other areas, time periods, and local conditions by altering the prices of plant inputs and other factors to satisfy the conditions that are associated with the different situations

Developing and restructuring regulated markets in Mysore State, India: an alternative for improving the efficiency of marketing food grains

The purpose of the study was to analyze how the regulated markets in Mysore State might be developed and restructured as one alternative to improve the efficiency of marketing food grains. Only secondary data was used for the study. Most of the data were derived from the publications of the State Marketing Department, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Economics and Statistics and the University of Agricultural Sciences in Mysore State. The study consisted of five objectives all interrelated with one another. The first objective was to identify the major defects in the existing regulated markets relating to their structure, methods of price determination, weighing and grading, storage, and methods of operation, to develop a model design of physical facilities needed and to outline the operational procedures for their efficient functioning. The second objective was to identify the causes of low arrivals in some regulated markets and suggest an optimum pattern for location of regulated markets. The third objective was to suggest a uniform staffing pattern for all regulated markets essential for their efficient functioning. The fourth objective was to propose a model State Agricultural Marketing Board to supervise the activities of regulated markets in the state. The fifth objective was to set up a Market Development, Research and Survey unit to carry out research in the field of agricultural marketing. With these objectives in view, first, an estimate of food grains to be moved into urban areas in the next 15 years was made to indicate the magnitude of agricultural marketing problems. Next, a model design of physical facilities needed and the operating personnel required for a regulated market, along with operational procedures for efficient functioning, were outlined. Based on the area under cultivation, area under irrigation, and marketable surplus available in each of the 19 districts, a pattern for the relocation of regulated markets along with their areas of coverage assuming a 15 mile radius for each market was illustrated by figures. It was considered that 107 regulated markets were sufficient for the state as against the existing 155 regulated markets for the whole state. In view of the huge sums of public money involved in the operations of regulated markets, a State Agriculture Marketing Board was found necessary to supervise their activities. Hence, a model for establishing a board along with its functions and powers was outlined. Considering the importance of research in improving the efficiency of marketing food grains, a model framework for a Market Development, Research and Survey unit at the state level, along with a list of important research projects to be undertaken by this organization, was indicated. Finally, an attempt was made to outline how the Farmers Cooperatives, the Food Corporation of India, and private trade could coordinate with a network of well organized regulated markets with the sole objective of improving the efficiency of the marketing system for food grains in Mysore State

D-branes in Unoriented Non-critical Strings and Duality in SO(N) and Sp(N) Gauge Theories

We exhibit exact conformal field theory descriptions of SO(N) and Sp(N) pairs of Seiberg-dual gauge theories within string theory. The N=1 gauge theories with flavour are realized as low energy limits of the worldvolume theories on D-branes in unoriented non-critical superstring backgrounds. These unoriented backgrounds are obtained by constructing exact crosscap states in the SL(2,R)/U(1) coset conformal field theory using the modular bootstrap method. Seiberg duality is understood by studying the behaviour of the boundary and crosscap states under monodromy in the closed string parameter space.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figure

Study on Performance of Different Fodder Crops under Low Cost Green House Hydroponic Fodder Production System

Hydroponics play most significant role in augmenting fodder shortage and helps for dairy production efficiently. A study was conducted to assess the performance and suitability of different crops under low cost green house hydroponic fodder production unit at SHE&CS Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yagantipalle. Four varieties of cereals grains and four verities of Pulses were tested. One kilogram grain each of the variety was soaked for 12 hours in water for sprouting in air tight condition for 36 hours. The sprouted seed was spread in trays of size 2.5 ft X 1.5ft and kept in the Hydroponic Unit. Automatic sprinkling of water was managed by cyclic timer. Chemical fertilizer was not used. Data on sprouted seed weight and weight of biomass after 5 days was recorded using electronic weighing balance. The high biomass yield after 5days in cereals was recorded in Bajra followed by sorghum, Barley and Maize. Among pulses Pillipesara yielded highest weight followed by Cowpea, Lucerne and Horse gram. Highest plant height among cereals was recorded in Barley and cowpea in pulses. The difference among all the varieties in respect of biomass yield and plant height was found to be significant. Negative correlation was found between plant height and biomass yield

Fermions at unitarity and Haldane Exclusion Statistics

We consider a gas of neutral fermionic atoms at ultra-low temperatures, with the attractive interaction tuned to Feshbach resonance. We calculate, the variation of the chemical potential and the energy per particle as a function of temperature by assuming the system to be an ideal gas obeying the Haldane-Wu fractional exclusion statistics. Our results for the untrapped gas compare favourably with the recently published Monte Carlo calculations of two groups. For a harmonically trapped gas, the results agree with experiment, and also with other published work.Comment: 4 pages, 1 postscript figur