Derivation of the respiratory rate signal from a single lead ECG

It has been long established that respiration has an influence on heart rate, and this effect is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia. As a result, two inferences can be postulated: first respiration information can be derived from cardiac activity, and second this effect offers the potential of removing the respiration effect that suppresses cardiac information which is of clinical significance. As a result of research performed at NJIT, there is a significant amount of data on exercise and heart rate recovery, but not the associated respiration signal. The motivation of this research was to compare and implement an optimal ECG derived respiration program, develop an adaptive peak detector algorithm to process the complex respiration signal and produce a usable respiration rate waveform. Three methods for deriving respiration from a single lead ECG were identified and implemented in LabVIEW. The three methods were R wave amplitude modulation (RWA), R wave duration (RWD), and the multiplication of RWA and RWD signals. Data analysis was carried out by comparing actual paced breathed respiration signal with lead I ECG derived respiration of ten normal subjects. The data analysis suggests that RWA is the best method with a correlation of 0.95. Then an algorithm to derive a continuous respiration rate signal from actual respiration signal with a high level of accuracy was developed. As a result of this research a program has been developed which provides respiratory information of clinical significance from ordinary single lead ECG for situations in which ECG but respiration is not routinely monitored

1,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-aminium chloride–thio­urea (1/1)

In the title compound, C11H14N3O+·Cl−·CH4N2S, the components are connected into a two-dimensional polymeric structure parallel to (001) via N—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole rings is 44.96 (7)°

2-Benzoyl-1,1-diethyl-3-phenyl­guanidine

In the title tetrasubstituted guanidine, C18H21N3O, the guanidine and carbonyl groups are not coplanar, as reflected by the torsion angles involving the N=C atoms [17.6 (3), −141.68 (17) and 42.2 (3)°]. This is probably due to the absence of an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming a six-membered ring, and is commonly observed in this class of compounds. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetric dimers are formed via pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angles between the guanidine plane and the phenyl ring and benzoyl plane are38.06 (9) and 41.54 (7)°, respectively

Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Pattern on the Oral Microbiome of Elite Endurance Athletes

Although the oral microbiota is known to play a crucial role in human health, there are few studies of diet x oral microbiota interactions, and none in elite athletes who may manipulate their intakes of macronutrients to achieve different metabolic adaptations in pursuit of optimal endurance performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the shifts in the oral microbiome of elite male endurance race walkers from Europe, Asia, the Americas and Australia, in response to one of three dietary patterns often used by athletes during a period of intensified training: a High Carbohydrate (HCHO; = 9; with 60% energy intake from carbohydrates; ~8.5 g kg day carbohydrate, ~2.1 g kg day protein, 1.2 g kg day fat) diet, a Periodised Carbohydrate (PCHO; = 10; same macronutrient composition as HCHO, but the intake of carbohydrates is different across the day and throughout the week to support training sessions with high or low carbohydrate availability) diet or a ketogenic Low Carbohydrate High Fat (LCHF; = 10; 0.5 g kg day carbohydrate; 78% energy as fat; 2.1 g kg day protein) diet. Saliva samples were collected both before (Baseline; BL) and after the three-week period (Post treatment; PT) and the oral microbiota profiles for each athlete were produced by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Principal coordinates analysis of the oral microbiota profiles based on the weighted UniFrac distance measure did not reveal any specific clustering with respect to diet or athlete ethnic origin, either at baseline (BL) or following the diet-training period. However, discriminant analyses of the oral microbiota profiles by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) and sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) did reveal changes in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa, and, particularly, when comparing the microbiota profiles following consumption of the carbohydrate-based diets with the LCHF diet. These analyses showed that following consumption of the LCHF diet the relative abundances of and spp. were decreased, and the relative abundance of spp. was increased. Such findings suggest that diet, and, in particular, the LCHF diet can induce changes in the oral microbiota of elite endurance walkers

Efficiency of South Asian Capital Markets:An Empirical Analysis

In last few years, the Asian financial crises had grabbed the attentions of researchers towards South Asian capital markets.  This paper is an attempt to test the weak form efficiency of select South Asian capital markets; India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan over the sample period spanning from January 2003 to December 2011. The application of dickey-fuller (ADF) and Philip Perran (PP) unit root test provide the evidence that these markets are not weak form efficient which have significant impact on these countries’ economies. On the other hand, such inefficiency disturbs the allocation of national resources for development projects. This type of phenomena encourages male practices speculative moves in market place. Keywords: South Asia, week for efficiency and unit root tests