Citrus in terms of soil and water salinity: A review

393-402Citrus, one of the important fruit crops of the tropics and subtropics, is grouped as a glycophyte. The deleterious effects of salt stress lead to reduction in fruit yield and quality. The response of different citrus species to different salt(s) further brings differential responses, when fruit quality is concerned. The possible mechanisms (physical, nutritional, biochemical), which plants adapt to sustain salt stress, might provide an indication to plant breeders and biotechnologists to proceed further in crop improvement. The present study is an attempt to review the literature and explore the possible mechanisms of salt tolerance on sustainability of salinity by citrus. The role of endomycorrhizal fungi in citrus under salt stress is also discussed

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Table_2_Chromosome-specific potential intron polymorphism markers for large-scale genotyping applications in pomegranate.xlsx

Despite the availability of whole genome assemblies, the identification and utilization of gene-based marker systems has been limited in pomegranate. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide survey of intron length (IL) markers in the 36,524 annotated genes of the Tunisia genome. We identified and designed a total of 8,812 potential intron polymorphism (PIP) markers specific to 3,445 (13.40%) gene models that span 8 Tunisia chromosomes. The ePCR validation of all these PIP markers on the Tunisia genome revealed single-locus amplification for 1,233 (14%) markers corresponding to 958 (27.80%) genes. The markers yielding single amplicons were then mapped onto Tunisia chromosomes to develop a saturated linkage map. The functional categorization of 958 genes revealed them to be a part of the nucleus and the cytoplasm having protein binding and catalytic activity, and these genes are mainly involved in the metabolic process, including photosynthesis. Further, through ePCR, 1,233 PIP markers were assayed on multiple genomes, which resulted in the identification of 886 polymorphic markers with an average PIC value of 0.62. In silico comparative mapping based on physically mapped PIP markers indicates a higher synteny of Tunisia with the Dabenzi and Taishanhong genomes (>98%) in comparison with the AG2017 genome (95%). We then performed experimental validation of a subset of 100 PIP primers on eight pomegranate genotypes and identified 76 polymorphic markers, with 15 having PIC values ≥0.50. We demonstrated the potential utility of the developed markers by analyzing the genetic diversity of 31 pomegranate genotypes using 24 PIP markers. This study reports for the first time large-scale development of gene-based and chromosome-specific PIP markers, which would serve as a rich marker resource for genetic variation studies, functional gene discovery, and genomics-assisted breeding of pomegranate.</p