Impact of the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA) Legislation on Corporate Governance in Co-operatives in Kenya

Following challenges such as mismanagement, conflicting mandates among regulatory bodies and poor corporate governance, the Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCO) Societies Act No. 14 of 2008 was put in place to address some of these challenges. This paper is anchored on a study on the impact of this legislation on financial management of SACCOs. It will only highlight the impact of the legislation on the corporate governance.  The study adopted descriptive research design.  Data was collected through questionnaires and secondary sources. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to generate the outputs for both descriptive and inferential statistics. From the findings, the legislations have influenced corporate governance to a great extent though there is still room for improvement.  The study recommends synchronization of key monitoring tools with the SACCO’s systems and processes achievable via exploitation of information and communication technologies. In addition, it recommends building the right infrastructure and allocating the right resources and human capital. Key words: SACCOs, Co-operatives, performance, shareholders, board, integrity

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT USING INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD AND GIS DATA FROM SMALLHOLDER KENYAN FARMS

Although soil fertility is recognized as a primary constraint to agricultural production in developing countries, use of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa is declining. Smallholder farmers still rely heavily on livestock manure for soil fertility management. To explore the determinants of soil fertility management practices, including both the use of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer, data are used from a sample of 3,330 geo-referenced farm households across Central and Western Kenya. A bivariate probit model is applied to jointly examine the use of the two technologies. Particular attention is given to measures of location related to market access and agroclimate, which in the adoption literature have typically been addressed using crude proxies. To avoid such proxies, GIS-derived variables are integrated into the household decision model. Their use also allows the spatial prediction of uptake based on parameter estimates. The results show clearly the derived-demand nature of soil fertility services, based on markets for farm outputs. They also illustrate that supply of manure for soil fertility amendments is conditioned by demand for livestock products, especially milk. The integration of GIS-derived variables is shown to better estimate the effects of location than the usual measures employed, and offers scope to wider use in technology adoption research.spatial analysis, soil fertility, market access, technology adoption., Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Q12, Q16,

Hypertension and obesity among HIV patients in a care programme in Nairobi

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity among HIV patients enrolled in the Sex Worker Outreach Programme (SWOP), Nairobi, Kenya.Design: A retrospective a study.Setting: SWOP managed by the University of Manitoba, Nairobi team.Subjects: We selected clinic visit records from HIV patients seen between 2011 and 2014, which had valid blood pressure and age entries.Interventions: We analysed data to determine prevalence and correlates of hypertension and obesity in the study population. Associations were tested using chi-square for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.Main outcome measures: Hypertension and obesity.Results: Three thousand one hundred ninety seven subjects were included in the study. All were HIV-positive and most (97.8%) were on ART. The mean age was 39.7 years (standard deviation = 8.8) and 72.4% of the subjects were female. The prevalence of hypertension was 7.7% (246/3197) and 31% of the study cases (798/2590) were either overweight or obese. Males were more likely to have hypertension (p < 0.001) while females were more predisposed to obesity (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Hypertension and obesity are important co-morbidities among HIV patients. Preventive and management strategies should be adopted as part of the comprehensive packages on offer at all existing HIV care and ART centres targeting those enrolled for services as well as their relatives and the community at large

Hypertension and obesity among HIV patients in a care programme in Nairobi

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity among HIV patients enrolled in the Sex Worker Outreach Programme (SWOP), Nairobi, Kenya.Design: A retrospective astudy.Setting: SWOP managed by the University of Manitoba, Nairobi team.Subjects: We selected clinic visit records from HIV patients seen between 2011 and 2014, which had valid blood pressure and age entries.Interventions: We analysed data to determine prevalence and correlates of hypertension and obesity in the study population. Associations were tested using chi-square for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.Main outcome measures: Hypertension and obesity.Results: Three thousand one hundred ninty seven subjects were included in the study. All were HIV-positive and most (97.8%) were on ART. The mean age was 39.7 years (standard deviation = 8.8) and 72.4% of the subjects were female. The prevalence of hypertension was 7.7% (246/3197) and 31% of the study cases (798/2590) were either overweight or obese. Males were more likely to have hypertension (p < 0.001) while females were more predisposed to obesity (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Hypertension and obesity are important co-morbidities among HIV patients. Preventive and management strategies should be adopted as part of the comprehensive packages on offer at all existing HIV care and ART centres targeting those enrolled for services as well as their relatives and the community at large

Langzeit-Systemvergleiche in Kenia und Indien: Konventionelle und biologische Erträge aus dem ersten Umstellungsjahr

Organic agriculture is more and more perceived as a promising approach to increase food security in developing countries. However, only few attempts have been made so far to assess agronomic and economic performance of organic agriculture in these^regions in a systematic way. This article reports the first year’s results of two long-term farming systems comparison field trials in Kenya and India. In sub-humid Central Kenya, on a high potential site in Meru South District (Chuka), there were no differences between yields of conventional and organic systems for the first maize and brassica crops. In contrast, organic yields were 14 to 60% lower than conventional yields on a trial site in a medium potential zone in Maragua District (Thika). It is assumed that the organic crops in Chuka could benefit from N and P mobilisation from the soil. In Thika, where N and P were less available, the crop depended on the easily soluble nutrients applied in the conventional treatments. In the semi-arid cotton belt of^Central India, biodynamic, organic, conventional and genetically modified (GM) cotton are compared. Soya and wheat are also part of the crop rotation under study. Biodynamic and organic cotton and wheat yields were 30% lower than conventional and GM yields. Soya yields did not differ between the treatments. It is suggested that yield in organic farming systems in conversion depends on initial inherent soil fertility and crop

Prevalence of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infected adult patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Background: Opportunistic Infections (OIs) constitute the first manifestation of HIV infection, indicating significant immunodeficiency. OIs remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Since most of OIs are readily treatable and preventable, every effort should be made to facilitated their management. However, there is a need to establish local prevalence of OIs and evaluate their management. This would guide in prioritizing resource and support development of suitable management strategies. Objective: The main objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of HIV-related OIs in adult patients. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted between July and August 2011 at Kenyatta National Hospital –Comprehensive Care Center (KNH-CCC). Adult patients who were HIV positive and attending outpatient clinic at KNH-CCC were included. Information was collected on patients’ demographics, clinical characteristics and presence of new or active OIs. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. Results: The prevalence of opportunistic infections was 14.1 % (95% CI: 10.7-18.5).  Overall, the most commonly reported bacterial infection was pneumonia (6.4%) whereas pulmonary tuberculosis was reported in 3.6% of patients. Significant association was found between a patients’ current OI status and WHO stage when HIV was diagnosed (AOR= 3.79 [95% CI = 1.43 – 10.03], P=0.007) and duration since HIV diagnosis (AOR 3.89 [95% CI= 1.58-9.59], P=0.003.  90% of patients were prescribed Co-trimoxazole as chemoprophylaxis agent. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of OIs among the HIV/AIDS patients at KNH-CCC. Bacterial Pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis were the most commonly observed OIs. Keyword: Prevalence, Opportunistic-Infections, HIV, Patients