The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey

This paper estimates the impact of the extension of compulsory schooling in Turkey from 5 to 8 years on the marriage and fertility behavior of teenage women in Turkey using the 2008 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. We find that the new education policy reduces the probability of marriage and giving birth for teenage women substantially: the probability of marriage by age 16 is reduced by 44 percent and the probability of giving birth by age 17 falls by 36 percent. The effects of the education policy on the time until marriage and first-birth persist beyond the completion of compulsory schooling. In addition, we find that the delay in the time until first-birth is driven by the delay in the time until marriage. After a woman is married, the rise in compulsory schooling years does not have an effect on the duration until her first-birth. Finally, we find that the education policy was more effective in reducing early marriage than a change in the Civil Code aimed for this purpose.compulsory schooling, education, fertility, age at marriage

Development of Testing Protocols for Direct Measurements of Contact Angles on Aggregate and Asphalt Binder Surfaces Using a Sessile Drop Device

Over the last several decades, the contact angle measurements have attained an increased popularity in several industries such as mining, petroleum, painting, coating, medicine, and recently in asphalt pavement materials. Contact angle measurement is a fundamental approach to determine the interfacial interaction that exists between a solid and a liquid, and between two different solids. In other words, one can calculate the surface free energy components of a solid material by using contact angle measurements.Surface energy interactions between the asphalt binder and aggregate are known as the fundamental approaches to predicting the mechanisms in the moisture damage process in asphalt mixes. The moisture damage is simply known as the loss of bonding strength between asphalt binder and aggregate, and as well as within the binder itself in the presence of moisture. Therefore, it is important to know the surface energy parameters of these materials for realistic characterization of the moisture damage process in asphalt mixtures. The field of surface energy measurement and its application for moisture damage evaluation is very recent and in the developing stages. Wilhelmy Plate (WP) method and Universal Sorption Device (USD) are the two most widely used techniques for surface free energy measurements. The former is being used for asphalt binder and the latter is equipped for aggregates.This thesis introduces a Sessile Drop (SD) device and new testing protocols for measuring the contact angles directly on asphalt binder and aggregate surfaces. Seven different aggregates and one asphalt binder from Oklahoma have been tested using the Sessile Drop method and the surface energy components of each material have been calculated using the Good-van Oss-Chaudhury (GVOC) approach and the measured contact angles. The calculated surface energy parameters have been compared with the same surface energy components of similar materials found in the literature. The comparison has indicated that both SD and WP methods have yielded similar results on asphalt binder specimens. However, the results from SD and USD methods on similar aggregate specimens are not in agreement and there are some significant differences.Civil & Environmental Engineerin

The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey

This paper estimates the impact of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey—which increased women’s schooling by more than a year—on marriage and birth outcomes of teenage women, using regression discontinuity design, where we compare month-year of birth cohorts of all women. We find very strong incarceration effects of the new policy; the increased compulsory schooling years reduce the probability of teenage marriage by age 16 and first-births by age 17 substantially. However, these effects are short-lived; they dissapear after age 17 for marriage and after age 18 for first-births because the policy increases the marriage hazard rate at age 17, shortly after these women leave school, and there is no policy effect on the time to first-birth after marriage. These findings indicate either small or no human capital effects of the policy on marriage and first-birth decisions

The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey

This paper estimates the impact of the extension of compulsory schooling in Turkey from 5 to 8 years—which increased the 8th grade completion rate for women by 30 percentage points—on marriage and birth outcomes of teenage women in Turkey. We find that increased compulsory schooling years reduce the probability of teenage marriage and births for women substantially, and these effects persist well beyond the new compulsory schooling years: the probability of marriage by age 18 falls by more than 4 percentage points and the probability of giving birth by age 19 falls by more than 4.5 percentage points for the earliest cohorts affected by the policy. In addition, the new policy increases the time to first-birth after marriage. We find conclusive evidence that longer compulsory schooling years have human capital effects on the time to first-birth, as well as incarcertation effects on teenage marriage; there is also suggestive evidence for human capital effects on teenage marriage

The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey

This paper estimates the impact of the extension of compulsory schooling in Turkey from 5 to 8 years—which increased the 8th grade completion rate for women by 30 percentage points—on marriage and birth outcomes of teenage women in Turkey. We find that increased compulsory schooling years reduce the probability of teenage marriage and births for women substantially, and these effects persist well beyond the new compulsory schooling years: the probability of marriage by age 18 falls by more than 4 percentage points and the probability of giving birth by age 19 falls by more than 4.5 percentage points for the earliest cohorts affected by the policy. In addition, the new policy increases the time to first-birth after marriage. We find conclusive evidence that longer compulsory schooling years have human capital effects on the time to first-birth, as well as incarcertation effects on teenage marriage; there is also suggestive evidence for human capital effects on teenage marriage

Seed Dormancy

Dormancy is when there is a lack of germination in seeds or tubers even though the required conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light) are provided. Dormancy is based on hard seed coat impermeability or the lack of supply and activity of enzymes (internal dormancy) necessary for germination. Dormancy is an important factor limiting production in many field crops. Several physical and chemical pretreatments are applied to the organic material (seeds/tubers) to overcome dormancy. Physical and physiological dormancy can be found together in some plants, and this makes it difficult to provide high-frequency, healthy seedling growth, since the formation of healthy seedlings from the organic material (seeds/tubers) sown is a prerequisite for plant production. This chapter will focus on the description of four different methods we have not seen reported elsewhere for overcoming dormancy

Does longer compulsory education equalize educational attainment by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background?

This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey—which substantially increased the grade completion rates not only during the new compulsory years but also during the high school years—on the equality of educational outcomes among various subpopulations. While longer compulsory schooling decreases the educational gap for most subgroups—in particular, the gender gap in rural areas, the ethnic gap among men in both urban and rural areas, and the ethnic gap among women in urban areas; at the same time, it increases the gender gap in urban areas as well as the ethnic gap among women in rural areas. For instance, the gap in the 8th grade completion rate between ethnic Turkish and Kurdish women in rural areas increases from 22.5 to 44.6 percentage points for the 1989 birth-cohort. These findings suggest that the differences among subpopulations in the change in schooling costs (both monetary and psychic) during the new compulsory schooling years, in the costs of non-compliance with the policy, in labor force participation, and in the drop-out behavior in earlier grades are the key underlying factors

Does longer compulsory education equalize educational attainment by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background?

This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey—which substantially increased the grade completion rates not only during the new compulsory years but also during the high school years—on the equality of educational outcomes among various subpopulations. While longer compulsory schooling decreases the educational gap for most subgroups—in particular, the gender gap in rural areas, the ethnic gap among men in both urban and rural areas, and the ethnic gap among women in urban areas; at the same time, it increases the gender gap in urban areas as well as the ethnic gap among women in rural areas. For instance, the gap in the 8th grade completion rate between ethnic Turkish and Kurdish women in rural areas increases from 22.5 to 44.6 percentage points for the 1989 birth-cohort. These findings suggest that the differences among subpopulations in the change in schooling costs (both monetary and psychic) during the new compulsory schooling years, in the costs of non-compliance with the policy, in labor force participation, and in the drop-out behavior in earlier grades are the key underlying factors

A rare congenital anomaly: Pulmonary atresia and abnormal origin of right pulmonary artery

2MAR2041

Failure behavior of composite laminates under four-point bending

In this study, failure behavior of fiber-reinforced composites under four-point bending is investigated. First, the tests are modeled analytically using the classical lamination theory (CLT). The maximum allowable moment resultants of [ 12]Toffaxis laminate as well as balanced and symmetric angle-ply [ 3/ 3]s composite laminates as a function of fiber orientation angle, , are obtained using Tsai-Wu, maximum stress, maximum strain, Hashin, Tsai-Hill, Hoffman, quadric surfaces, modified quadric surfaces, and Norris failure criteria. Second, the same tests are simulated using the finite element method (FEM). Thermal residual stresses are calculated and accounted for in the failure analysis. An analysis is conducted for optimal positioning of the supports so as to ensure that intralaminar failure modes dominate interlaminar (delamination) failure mode. A test setup is then constructed accordingly and experiments are conducted. The correlation of the predicted failure loads and the experimental results is discussed. The quadric surfaces criterion is found to correlate better with the experimental results among the chosen failure criteria for the selected configurations