〈共同研究プロジェクト紹介〉領域指定型 : 言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約―日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究― 生成文法理論に基づく第一言語獲得研究

南山大学外国語学部本稿は,言語獲得の論理的問題を整理した上で,wh島制約に関する研究と「の」の過剰生成に関する研究を紹介する。普遍文法の特性が言語獲得の早期から獲得されている一方で,幼児の「誤用」は,普遍文法の制限の範囲内で起こることを理論的実証的に示す。このことにより,幼児の「正用」も「誤用」も,自然言語の特性が表出した現象であることを示し,人間に備わる生得的な言語知識の実在性を,言語理論と言語獲得研究から裏付ける。Languages reflect the biological properties of human beings and therefore share common properties. At the same time, however, all languages differ. This project\u27s aim is collaborative research on the adult syntax and first-language acquisition of Japanese from the perspective of Generative Grammar. In this paper, I first summarize the logical problems of language acquisition and then introduce our research on two phenomena: the wh-island constraint and the overgeneration of "no." The former shows that children know some properties of Universal Grammar at a very early stage. The latter proposes that children\u27s "errors" occur within the limits of Universal Grammar and indicate how children test the grammar of natural languages other than their mother tongue

The Grammar of Mimetics and Its Acquisition : A Generative Approach

00239518 (科研費)南山大学ミメティックスの文法と獲得：生成文法理論からのアプローチ 2017～2022年度科学研究費助成事業 (基盤研究 (C) (一般)) 研究成果報告書33917 (科研費)202217K02752 (科研費)research repor

ダイガク ト チイキ ジュウミン ガ レンケイ キョウドウ スル ｢ニンチショウ カフェ｣ ノ カイサイ ガ リヨウシャ ニ モタラス セイカ : グループ インタビュー ニヨル シツテキ ブンセキ

本研究の目的は、大学と地域住民が連携協働する「認知症カフェ」の開催が利用者にもたらす成果および継続的な運営に向けた課題を明らかにすることである。認知症カフェ継続利用者６名に対しグループインタビューを行った結果、35のコードから11サブカテゴリー、さらに５つのカテゴリーである【認知症の情報や予防の共有ができる場】【学生ボランティアとの異世代間交流を通した自尊感情の高まり】【安心・安全な地域の居場所】【連携がもたらす多彩なプログラム効果】【継続利用を可能にする両者の連携と課題】を生成した。連携協働による成果では、“学ぶ・相談する”については大学がもつ認知症に関する知識の提供ができ、一方で地域の特性を生かした“楽しむ”を主としたアクティビティの提供により、両者のもつ利点を結集できたことが利用者のニーズと合致し、成果へと繋がった。また、学生ボランティアの接待や傾聴を通した異世代間交流は利用者の自尊感情の高まりに繋がり高評価を得た。利用の継続要因として、開催地との関連が示された。高齢者にとって徒歩圏内にある場は重要であり、利便性がある安心・安全な地域の居場所であったことが利用者の継続利用に繋がった。The principal aim of the present study was to clarify the outcome of and issues related to the continuation of a “dementia café” operated through cooperation between A University and local residents. A group interview was conducted for six dementia cafe consecutive users and qualitatively analyzed. Based on the analysis results, 5 categories and 10 sub-categories were extracted from 35 codes. The 5 categories were: “A place where information on dementia and prevention can be shared,” “Enhancement of self-esteem through intergenerational exchange with student volunteers,” “A place in the local community to feel safe and secure,” “Various program effects brought about by cooperation,” and “Collaboration between the two that enable continuous use and related issues.”Regarding the achievement of collaboration/cooperation, the university could provide knowledge concerning dementia to residents. Moreover, the fact that we could conduct activities that focused on “enjoyment” ensured that the achievements of users were linked to the specific characteristics of the community. In addition, student volunteers who participated in the dementia café gave high evaluations regarding their experiences. The intergenerational exchanges between students and users increased the self-esteem of the users. The characteristics of the venue were found to be factors that contribute to continuation of utilization. For elderly persons, it is important that the facility is located within walking distance, and the facilityʼs convenience, safety, and security in the local community were associated with continued use by users. Based on the present results, it will be necessary in the future to consider programs to attract withdrawn elderly persons with pre-dementia and users with different levels of cognitive functioning

Noun phrases in Japanese and English: A study in syntax, learnability and acquisition

In Japanese, the genitive Case marker no is inserted after NP and PP prenominal modifiers, but not after relative clauses. Saito (1982) and Fukui (1986), among others, propose a no-insertion rule to account for this fact. Harada (1980) and Clancy (1985) observe that some Japanese speaking children, at around 2 years old, insert no even after relative clauses.^ This thesis presents a hypothesis as to what the overgenerated no is, and as to how children retreat from this overgeneration. In order to attain answers to these questions, I first discuss in Chapter II the syntactic properties of several types of no in Japanese. In particular, I argue that nos of categories N and C exist, contrary to Kitagawa and Ross (1982), and Fukui (1986), but as suggested in Okutsu (1974) and Hoji (1990). This sets up three candidates for the overgenerated no: the genitive Case marker, no as N, and no as C.^ Chapter III deals with the syntax of Japanese relative clauses. I first extend Perlmutter\u27s (1972) analysis along the lines of Saito\u27s (1985) analysis of topicalization, and claim that Japanese relative clauses may but need not involve movement. Based on this assumption, I draw two conclusions: (i) Japanese has pro PP for time and place adjuncts, and (ii) Japanese relative clauses are IP (the IP hypothesis).^ With the syntactic analysis in Chapters II and III, Chapter IV addresses the questions concerning the overgenerated no in question. On the basis of further acquisition studies, I first draw the conclusion that the overgenerated no is of the category C. The focus, at this point, moves to the learnability question: why and how they retreat from it. Here, I rely crucially on the conclusion drawn in Chapter III that Japanese relative clauses are IPs. Based on this conclusion, I propose that Japanese children make the initial hypothesis that relative clauses are CPs, and lexically realize the head C as no. They later attain the knowledge that Japanese relative clauses are IPs, and hence, cease to overgenerated no. It is shown finally that this hypothesis meets the learnability criterion. On the basis of the positive evidence on the structure of pure complex NPs, Japanese children infer that all prenominal sentential modifiers, in particular, relative clauses are IPs. Thus, the IP hypothesis receives support from the studies in syntax, learnability and acquisition.

Capturing the evasive passive

In the 1980s, researchers in child language devised several new experimental techniques to assess children's emerging linguistic competence. Innovations in methodology were needed to bridge the apparent gap between the expectation of rapid language acquisition, based on linguistic theory, and the protracted acquisition that was being witnessed using the tools and tasks available at the time. This article discusses the use of elicited production in charting the course of development of verbal passives, a linguistic structure that was thought to be late developing (e.g., Borer & Wexler 1987). We compare the findings from an elicited production study with the findings from other tasks. We conclude that verbal passives emerge earlier in children's grammar than had been previously recognized, thereby bringing data from experimental studies of child language more in line with the expectations of linguistic theory.11 page(s