Description of the Process of “Authentic Learning” Based on Comparative Thesis Reading Comprehension : Temporal Comparison of Research Related to Sentence Structure Awareness

本稿は大学院生が複数の論文を比較し，どのように読解すると言語学における研究内容の発展を読み取ることができるのかを究明した。具体的には，文章論，テクスト言語学の論考を主な対象とし，文章構造把握に関係する研究の発展を時間的比較から捉えた。 まず，立川和美と市川孝の論考の比較を行った。その際，(a) 新しい論文における先行研究の紹介や比較，評価の記述に着目する，(b) 新しい論文の方法論などにおいて先行研究を踏襲している部分と新たに設定された部分を明確にする，(c) 新しい論文で扱われている概念について，読み手の既有知識に照らして疑問・批判がある部分に着目する，という三つの観点から読み深めを行い研究内容の発展を捉えた。 次に，より広く立川の論考の発展を捉えるために，認知心理学の文章理解研究の概説書を読解した。ここでは，文章の理解の要因を文章の要因，読み手の要因，読み方の要因の３つから捉えた。その結果，立川の論考は従来の言語学と同様，文章の要因に焦点をあてたものであり，一方で，文章理解研究が解明してきた読み手の要因についても扱ったものであると捉えることができた。加えて，文章理解研究では十分に扱ってこなかった文章の要因に焦点をあてている点に，立川の論考の意義を見出すことができた。 このように，論文比較読解においては上のような観点から読むことや，論考の位置づけを捉えるための重要な概念を理解することで，深い理解に到ることができた。このような学びの過程を明らかにすることは，学校教師が教材研究を行う際に，専門領域の論文の読解を通して学習を行う過程の解明や，それを基にした学習の支援の在り方の追求に役立つと考えられる。In this manuscript, graduate students’ multiple theses are compared. Furthermore, the study also investigates how reading research affects its linguistic understanding. In particular, the main targets of this study were textual linguistics studies; the development of sentence structure awareness research was temporally compared. First, the studies of Kazumi Tachikawa and Takashi Ichikawa were compared. The research content’s development was ascertained and three perspectives were employed to gain a deeper understanding: (a) a focus on the introduction, comparison, and evaluation of prior research in the new theses; (b) a clarification of sections that follow from prior research and sections that were newly established with regard to the new theses’ methodology, etc.; and (c) a focus on sections for which questions/criticisms are presented by the reader’s existing knowledge regarding concepts that are handled in the new theses. Next, to understand the development of Tachikawa’s study in other viewpoint, texts on sentence comprehension research in cognitive psychology were reviewed. Tachikawa’s study was then considered from the three factors of sentence comprehension, the readers perspective, and the condition of reading. Therefore, the primary focus of Tachikawa’s study was on the sentence factor, consistent with traditional linguistics, but could also be seen as addressing a readers perspective that had been clarified in sentence comprehension research. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of sentence comprehension research, significance of Tachikawa’s study can also be seen as supplementing the sentence approach. Thus, a comparative thesis reading from the perspectives shown above led to a deeper understanding of the key concepts involved in ascertaining the positioning of Tachikawa’s study. The elucidation of these learning processes will be useful for schoolteachers as they research materials to clarify learning processes through the reading of theses in specialist areas, in addition to pursuing the ideals for teaching support

Characterization of wheat Bell1-type homeobox genes in floral organs of alloplasmic lines with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Alloplasmic wheat lines with <it>Aegilops crassa </it>cytoplasm often show homeotic conversion of stamens into pistils under long-day conditions. In the pistillody-exhibiting florets, an ectopic ovule is formed within the transformed stamens, and female sterility is also observed because of abnormal integument development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, four wheat <it>Bell1</it>-like homeobox (<it>BLH</it>) genes were isolated and named <it>WBLH1 </it>to <it>WBLH4</it>. <it>WBLH1</it>/<it>WBLH3</it>/<it>WBLH4 </it>expression was observed in the basal boundary region of the ovary in both normal pistils and transformed stamens. <it>WBLH2 </it>was also strongly expressed in integuments not only of normal ovules in pistils but also of the ectopic ovules in transformed stamens, and the <it>WBLH2 </it>expression pattern in the sterile pistils seemed to be identical to that in normal ovules of fertile pistils. In addition, WBLH1 and WBLH3 showed interactions with the three wheat KNOX proteins through the BEL domain. WBLH2, however, formed a complex with wheat KNOTTED1 and ROUGH SHEATH1 orthologs through SKY and BEL domains, but not with a wheat LIGULELESS4 ortholog.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Expression of the four <it>WBLH </it>genes is evident in reproductive organs including pistils and transformed stamens and is independent from female sterility in alloplasmic wheat lines with <it>Ae. crassa </it>cytoplasm. KNOX-BLH interaction was conserved among various plant species, indicating the significance of KNOX-BLH complex formation in wheat developmental processes. The functional features of <it>WBLH2 </it>are likely to be distinct from other <it>BLH </it>gene functions in wheat development.</p

マウス脳内コリン代謝に及ぼす虚血の影響

The present study clearly demonstrated the effects of complete cerebral ischemia and selective ischemia on brain choline metabolism in ddY mice The complete cerebral ischemia mouse was produced by cervical dislocation, and the selective ischemia mouse was produced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries. The following results were obtained 1 Complete cerebral ischemia increased brain choline contents rapidly and remarkably for 10 minutes After 10 minutes, the rate of increase of brain choline contents suddenly fell. 2 The increased level of choline contents by complete cerebral ischemia differed among the brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, medulla oblongata, cerebellum) tested 3 Selective ischemia increased choline contents in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the medulla oblongata or cerebella. 4. As with complete ischemia, hypoxia induced by N_2 gas inhalation increased choline contents in all brain regions. 5. Hypoglycemia induced by insulin administration did not increase brain choline contents However, the ischemia under a hypoglycemia state produced a greater choline increase than ischemia alone 6 Complete cerebral ischemia decreased the contents of both phosphatidylcholme (PtdCh) and glycerophosphocholine (GlyCh) in the mouse brain. The present results suggest that a main cause for the ischemic increase of brain choline contents is hypoxia by cessation of blood flow, and a low energy state caused by hypoglycemia partly contributes to this increase Furthermore, it is suggested that the ischemic increase of brain choline depends on the choline accumulation that results from decomposition of both PtdCh and GlyC

Structural dynamics of cereal mitochondrial genomes as revealed by complete nucleotide sequencing of the wheat mitochondrial genome

The application of a new gene-based strategy for sequencing the wheat mitochondrial genome shows its structure to be a 452 528 bp circular molecule, and provides nucleotide-level evidence of intra-molecular recombination. Single, reciprocal and double recombinant products, and the nucleotide sequences of the repeats that mediate their formation have been identified. The genome has 55 genes with exons, including 35 protein-coding, 3 rRNA and 17 tRNA genes. Nucleotide sequences of seven wheat genes have been determined here for the first time. Nine genes have an exon–intron structure. Gene amplification responsible for the production of multicopy mitochondrial genes, in general, is species-specific, suggesting the recent origin of these genes. About 16, 17, 15, 3.0 and 0.2% of wheat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may be of genic (including introns), open reading frame, repetitive sequence, chloroplast and retro-element origin, respectively. The gene order of the wheat mitochondrial gene map shows little synteny to the rice and maize maps, indicative that thorough gene shuffling occurred during speciation. Almost all unique mtDNA sequences of wheat, as compared with rice and maize mtDNAs, are redundant DNA. Features of the gene-based strategy are discussed, and a mechanistic model of mitochondrial gene amplification is proposed