Localizatation estimation usign the technique of multi-sequence positioning

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been considered as promising tools for many location dependent applications such as area surveillance, search and rescue, mobile tracking and navigation, etc. In addition, the geographic information of sensor nodes can be critical for improving network management, topology planning, packet routing and security. Although localization plays an important role in all those systems, itself is a challenging problem due to extremely limited resources available at each low-cost sensor node. This study is focusing on using a distribution-based estimation method. The reason for selecting this method because it is considered an energy saving effort comparing to costly centralized localization scheme. The scope of the estimation in localization of sensor nodes is a Multi-Sequence Positioning (MSP) method that can be applied for a large-scale network in order to achieve accurate distance estimation in sensor deployments where the source of event has a line-of-sight to all sensors. The MATLAB is the programming will be used in the study. This is conceived as an extension of existing WSN programming frameworks. The evaluation was carried based on the error resulted from location estimation scenario compared to the current localization technique of Received Signal Strength (RSS) and the Time of Arrival (TOA). The result showed that MSP showed more efficiently in short and long range as compared to TOA. However, RSS proven to perform better than MSP in long range estimation. This was reasoned to different functional related measures in which RSS is usually perceive less obstruction and shielding of satellite signals whereas MSP can be effected by cellular networks in which it limited by the cell size

Effect of hot extrusion parameters on microhardness and microstructure in direct recycling of aluminium chips [Einfluss von Warmstrangpress-Parametern auf die Mikrohärte und das Gefüge beim Wiederverwerten von Aluminiumspänen]

Direct hot extrusion is an alternative process for recycling aluminium without melting the scrap. It utilizes low energy and is environmental friendly. This paper reports the microhardness and microstructure of aluminium alloy chips when subjected to various settings of preheating temperature and preheating time in hot extrusion process. Three values of preheating temperature are taken as 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C. On the other hand, three values of preheating time were chosen (1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The influences of the process parameters (preheating temperature and time) are analyzed using design of experiments approach whereby full factorial design with center point analysis are adopted. The total runs are 11 and they comprise of two factors of full factorial design with 3 center points. The responses are microhardness and microstructure. The results show that microhardness increases with the decrease of the preheating temperature. The results also show that the preheating temperature is more important to be controlled rather than the preheating time in microhardness analyses. The profile extrudes at 450 °C and 1 hour has gained the optimum microhardness and it can be concluded that setting temperature at 550 °C for 3 hours results in the highest responses for average grain sizes in analysis of microstructure. © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Effects of Preheating Temperature on Deformed AA6061 Aluminium Properties of Hot Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) by Using Deform-3D Software

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety

Effects of Preheating Temperature on Deformed AA6061 Aluminium Properties of Hot Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) by Using Deform-3D Software

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety