Management of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancers

Bladder cancer (BC) is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, while it declines to 11th when both sexes are considered. The worldwide age-standardized incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) is 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women. Europe has among the highest incidence rates of BC in the world, where the age-standardized incidence rate is 19.1 for men and 4.0 for women. The overall burden was greater in men; however varying incidence trends by gender were reported recently in some countries, with rates drop in male and increase in female population. The management of BC should be tailored according to the disease stage, grade, and patient-related factors at the presentation. In this chapter, we will discuss the management of non-muscle- invasive disease and the surgical management of muscle-invasive disease. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Bacillus Calmette Guerin and superficial transitional cell carcinoma

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Management of superficial bladder cancer with intravesical chemotherapy: an update.

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Diagnostic value of plasma TNF-? and IL-8 levels in patients with prostate cancer [Serum TNF-? ve IL-8 düzeylerinin prostat kanserli hastalardaki tanisal degeri]

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate TNF-? and IL-8 levels in patient with prostate cancer as diagnostic tools additional to PSA. Materials and Methods: In this current study, we included a total of 37 patients who were planned to undergo prostate biopsies in Department of Urology of Zonguldak Karaelmas University due to having high PSA levels between January and December 2005. Two samples of serum each containing 100 µL plasma were collected from each patient in order to measure TNF-? and IL-8 levels by using Immulite® IL8 and Immulite® TNF-? immunometric assays and results were given in pg/mL unit. TNF-? and IL-8 levels were compared in groups of BPH and prostate cancer. Additionally, Gleason score and those parameters were compared within prostate cancer group. Results: IL-8 levels were between 5.0 pg/mL to 46.2 pg/ml and mean IL-8 level was 12.1 pg/ml; TNF-? levels were between 4.0 pg/ml to 10 pg /mL and mean TNF-? level was 5.64 pg/ml in prostate cancer group (n=20). IL-8 levels were between 5.0 pg/ml to 27.4 pg/ml and mean IL-8 level was 9.094 pg/ml; TNF-? levels were between 4.0 pg/ml to 9 pg /mL and mean TNF-? level was 5.46 pg/ml in BPH group (n = 17) (p>0.05). There was no statistical corelation detected between Gleason score and those parameters. Conclusion: There were not any significant statistical difference in TNF-? and IL-8 levels between patients with BPH and prostate cancer. IL-8 and TNF-? do not seem to diagnostic value in patients with prostate cancer. However, the role of TNF-? and IL-8 in prostate cancer etiology and their roles in diagnosing prostate cancer and prognosis of prostate cancer should be investigated in larger series

Diagnostic value of serum ghrelin levels in prostate cancer

Purpose: Expression of recently identified growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin, and its receptor has been demonstrated in prostate cancer (PCA) cell lines. It was also shown that ghrelin has increased cell proliferation in vitro when added to PCA cell lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum ghrelin levels in detection of PCA. Material and Method: 30 patients with PCA and 50 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled in the study. The serum ghrelin levels of PCA and BPH patients were compared. The correlations between ghrelin and age groups, body mass index, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, free/total PSA ratio, Gleason score, and prostate volume were also studied. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups and parameters mentioned above in terms of serum ghrelin levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although ghrelin has been shown to induce PCA cell proliferation by in vitro studies, its role in the diagnosis of PCA was not demonstrated in our clinical study. Insufficient secretion of ghrelin into serum or the effect of other sources of ghrelin to serum ghrelin levels could be responsible for this discrepancy. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG

The effects of nitrous oxide on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble receptor 1 (VEGFR1) in patient undergoing urological surgery

Objective: Anesthesia and surgical intervention, leads to the development of systemic inflammatory response. The severity of the inflammatory response depends on the pharmacological effects of anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia. Objective of the study was to investigate the effect of nitrous oxide on VEGF and VEGFR1 levels in patients undergoing surgery. Methods: Forty-four patients undergoing elective urological surgery were included in the study. Anesthesia maintenance was provided with 1-2 MAC sevoflurane, O2 50%, N2O 50% in 4L/m transporter gase for group 1 (n=22) and 1-2 MAC sevoflurane, O2 50%, air 50% in 4L/m transporter gase for group 2 (n=22) Venous blood samples for the measurement of VEGF and VEGFR1 were taken before the induction of anaesthesia, 60 minutes of anesthesia induction, at the end of anaesthesia and 24 hours after operation. In statistical analysis Bonferroni test and analysis of variance at the repeated measures were used Results: In the postoperative period serum VEGF levels had decreased significantly in both group whereas VEGFR1 did not show a significant change. Conclusions: Nitrous oxide showed significant effect on angiogenic parameters. Further detailed studies are required to evaluate the effect of nitrous oxide. © 2014, Professional Medical Publications. All Rights Reserved

Detection of malignant cells, can cytology be replaced?

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Stone formation on surgical staple in the bladder: A long-term complication of laparoscopic colposuspension

We present a case of a bladder stone that developed around a surgical staple after laparoscopic colposuspension. The patient had undergone laparoscopic colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence at another institution 6 years ago. The hernia mesh and a tacker had been used as a surgical stapler. The stone and staple were retrieved endoscopically. To our knowledge, this is the first case of such a complication after laparoscopic colposuspension with a stapling device. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc

Bladder cancer in women

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