Métodos y modelos para la planificación de operaciones en cadenas de suministro caracterizadas por la falta de homogeneidad en el producto. Aplicación al sector cerámico

Tesis por compendio[EN] Lack of Homogeneity in the Product (LHP) appears in some production processes which incorporate raw materials coming directly from nature and/or production processes with operations which cause some heterogeneity in the characteristics of the outputs obtained respect to certain attributes. The result is the existence of several references (subtypes) of the same product which differ in some characteristics relevant to customers and this aspect becomes a problem when customers require homogeneous units in their orders. Supply Chains (SC) in sectors with this problem, such as ceramic, wood, textiles, fruit or meat, among others, are forced to include one or more classification stages along the production process whose location and classification criteria depend on each specific sector. The classification of the same element in several subtypes increases the number of references and the volume of information to process, complicating management system. In addition, after each classification stage, the quantity of each subtype will only be known after the production is finished which introduces a new type of LHP inherent uncertainty: uncertainty in the quantities of each subtype in different planned lots. This uncertainty is a problem when the customer orders must commit and be served from homogeneous units. The Master Plan is one of the main inputs to the order promising process so that in this case, it is crucial that the Master Plan in its definition, considers and anticipates as accurately as possible the homogeneous quantities of the same product that will be available to serve the customer not only in time and quantity, but also the required homogeneity. In this thesis, it is proposed as main objective to develop methods and models for master planning of operations in SC with LHP dealing with its inherent uncertainty associated. To achieve this, the problem of LHP is characterized and its impact is identified in the planning process operations. This base serves for the development of mathematical programming models for master planning of SC with LHP in deterministic and uncertain contexts. Through these models the size of the production batch is defined considering their division into homogeneous quantities and the uncertainty associated with the objective of serving the customer demand with homogeneous units. A support system to decision-making that facilitates the proposal of different scenarios as an alternative approach to the treatment of uncertainty is also proposed. All models are validated in the ceramic sector. The results show that the gross margin and the level of customer service improves when taking into account in planning models both characteristics due to the LHP and its associated uncertainty.[ES] La Falta de Homogeneidad en el Producto (FHP) aparece en algunos procesos productivos que incorporan materias primas procedentes directamente de la naturaleza y/o procesos productivos con operaciones que provocan cierta heterogeneidad en las características de los productos obtenidos en relación con ciertos atributos. El resultado es la existencia de varias referencias (subtipos) del mismo producto que son diferentes en algunas características relevantes para los clientes y este aspecto se convierte en un problema cuando los clientes requieren unidades homogéneas en sus pedidos. Las Cadenas de Suministro (CdS) en los sectores con esta problemática, como el cerámico, maderero, textil, frutícola, o cárnico, entre otros, se ven obligadas a incluir una o varias fases de clasificación a lo largo del proceso productivo cuya localización y criterios de clasificación, dependen de cada sector específico. La clasificación de un mismo ítem en varios subtipos aumenta el número de referencias a manejar y el volumen de información a procesar, lo que complica la gestión del sistema. Además, después de cada etapa de clasificación, la cantidad obtenida de cada subtipo sólo se conoce con posterioridad a su producción lo que introduce un nuevo tipo de incertidumbre inherente a la FHP: la incertidumbre en las cantidades de cada subtipo de los diferentes lotes de producción planificados. Esta incertidumbre supone un problema cuando los pedidos de los clientes deben comprometerse y servirse a partir de unidades homogéneas. El Plan Maestro constituye una de las principales entradas al proceso de comprometer pedidos por lo que, en este caso, es crucial que el Plan Maestro en su definición considere y anticipe con la mayor exactitud posible las cantidades homogéneas de un mismo producto que estarán disponibles con objeto de servir al cliente no sólo en fecha y cantidad, sino también con la homogeneidad requerida. En esta Tesis, se plantea como objetivo principal desarrollar métodos y modelos para la planificación maestra de operaciones en las CdS con FHP que traten su incertidumbre inherente asociada. Para conseguirlo, se caracteriza la problemática de la FHP y se identifica su impacto en el proceso de planificación de operaciones. Esta base sirve para el desarrollo de modelos de programación matemática para la planificación maestra de cadenas de suministro con FHP en contextos determinista e incierto. A través de estos modelos se define el tamaño de los lotes de producción considerando su división en cantidades homogéneas así como su incertidumbre asociada con el objetivo de servir la demanda de los clientes con unidades homogéneas. También se propone un sistema de ayuda a la toma de decisiones que facilita el planteamiento de distintos escenarios como un enfoque alternativo al tratamiento de la incertidumbre. Todos los modelos se validan en el sector cerámico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el margen bruto y el nivel de servicio al cliente mejoran cuando se contemplan en los modelos de planificación tanto las características debidas a la FHP como su incertidumbre asociada.[CA] La Falta d'Homogeneïtat en el Producte (FHP) apareix en alguns processos productius que incorporen matèries primeres procedents directament de la naturalesa i/o processos productius amb operacions que provoquen certa heterogeneïtat en les característiques dels productes obtinguts en relació amb certs atributs. El resultat és l'existència de diverses referències (subtipus) del mateix producte que són diferents en algunes característiques rellevants als clients i este aspecte es convertix en un problema quan els clients requerixen unitats homogènies en els seus comandes. Les Cadenes de Subministrament (CdS) en els sectors amb aquesta problemàtica, com el ceràmic, fuster, tèxtil, fruitícola, o càrnic, entre uns altres, es veuen obligades a incloure una o diverses fases de classificació al llarg del procés productiu la localització del qual així com els criteris de classificació, depenen de cada sector específic. La classificació d'un mateix ítem en diversos subtipus augmenta el nombre de referències i el volum d'informació a processar, la qual cosa complica la gestió del sistema. A més, després de cada etapa de classificació, la quantitat de cada subtipus només es coneix amb posterioritat a la seua producció lo que introduïx un nou tipus d'incertesa inherent a la FHP: la incertesa en les quantitats de cada subtipus dels diferents lots de producció planificats. Esta incertesa suposa un problema quan les comandes dels clients han de comprometre's i servir-se a partir d'unitats homogènies. El Pla Mestre constituïx una de les principals entrades al procés de comprometre comandes pel que, en este cas, és crucial que el Pla Mestre en la seua definició considere i anticipe amb la major exactitud possible les quantitats homogènies d'un mateix producte que estarán disponibles a fi de servir al client no sols en data i quantitat, sinó també amb l'homogeneïtat requerida. En esta Tesi, es planteja com a objectiu principal desenrotllar mètodes i models per a la planificació mestra d'operacions en les CdS amb FHP que tracten la seua incertesa inherent associada. Per a aconseguir-ho, es caracteritza la problemàtica de la FHP i s'identifica el seu impacte en el procés de planificació d'operacions. Esta base servix per al desenrotllament de models de programació matemàtica per a la planificació mestra de CdS amb FHP en contextos determinista i incert. A través d'estos models es definix la grandària dels lots de producció considerant la seua divisió en quantitats homogènies així com la seua incertesa associada amb l'objectiu de servir la demanda dels clients amb unitats homogènies. També es proposa un sistema d'ajuda a la presa de decisions que facilita el plantejament de distints escenaris com un enfocament alternatiu al tractament de la incertesa. Tots els models es validen en el sector ceràmic. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que el marge brut i el nivell de servici al client milloren quan es contemplen en els models de planificació tant les característiques degudes a la FHP com la seua incertesa associada.Mundi Sancho, MI. (2016). Métodos y modelos para la planificación de operaciones en cadenas de suministro caracterizadas por la falta de homogeneidad en el producto. Aplicación al sector cerámico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/72865TESISCompendi

The Effect of Modeling Qualities, Tones and Gages in Ceramic Supply Chains' Master Planning

[EN] Ceramic production processes are characterized by providing quantities of the same finished goods that differ in qualities, tones and gages. This aspect becomes a problem for ceramic supply chains (SCs) that should promise and serve customer orders with homogeneous quantities of the same finished good. In this paper a mathematical programming model for the centralized master planning of ceramic SC is proposed. Inputs to the master plan include demand forecasts in terms of customer order classes based on their order size and splitting percentages of a lot into homogeneous sub-lots. Then, the master plan defines the size and loading of lots to production lines and their distribution with the aim of maximizing the number of customer orders fulfilled with homogeneous quantities in the most efficient manner for the SC. Finally, the effect of modeling qualities, tones and gages in master planning is assessed. Keywords: Ceramic Supply Chains, Mathematical Programming Model, Qualities, Tones, Gages, Lack of Homogeneity in the ProductThis research has been carried out in the framework of the project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref. DPI2011-23597) and the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Ref. PAID06-11/1840) entitled “Methods and models for operations planning and order management in supply chains characterized by uncertainty in production due to the lack of product uniformity” (PLANGES-FHP)Mundi, I.; Alemany, MME.; Boza García, A.; Poler Escoto, R. (2012). The Effect of Modeling Qualities, Tones and Gages in Ceramic Supply Chains' Master Planning. Informatica Economica Journal. 16(3):5-18. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/63521S51816

Review of mathematical models for production planning under uncertainty due to lack of homogeneity: proposal of a conceptual model

[EN] Lack of homogeneity in the product (LHP) appears in some production processes that confer heterogeneity in the characteristics of the products obtained. Supply chains with this issue have to classify the product in different homogeneous subsets, whose quantity is uncertain during the production planning process. This paper proposes a generic framework for reviewing in a unified way the literature about production planning models dealing with LHP uncertainty. This analysis allows the identification of similarities among sectors to transfer solutions between them and gaps existing in the literature for further research. The results of the review show: (1) sectors affected by LHP inherent uncertainty, (2) the inherent LHP uncertainty types modelled, and (3) the approaches for modelling LHP uncertainty most widely employed. Finally, we suggest a conceptual model reflecting the aspects to be considered when modelling the production planning in sectors with LHP in an uncertain environment.This research was initiated within the framework of the project funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [Ref. DPI2011-23597] entitled ‘Methods and models for operations planning and order management in supply chains characterised by uncertainty in production due to the lack of product uniformity’ (PLANGES-FHP) already finished. After, the project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union’s research and innovation programme under the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions with the grant agreement No 691249, Project entitled ’Enhancing and implementing Knowledge based ICT solutions within high Riskand Uncertain Conditions for Agriculture Production Systems’ (RUC-APS).Mundi, I.; Alemany Díaz, MDM.; Poler, R.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS. (2019). 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A Model-Driven Decision Support System for the Master Planning of Ceramic Supply Chains with Non-uniformity of Finished Goods

[EN] In this paper, a Model-Driven Decision Support System (DSS) for the Master Planning of ceramic Supply Chains characterized by producing units of the same finished good in a specific lot that differ in the aspect (quality), tone (colour) and/or gage (thickness) is proposed. The DSS is based on a mathematical programming model reflecting these non-uniformity characteristics. Through the different DSS functionalities, Decision Makers can generate different scenarios by means of changing any data. Optimal solution of each scenario can be evaluated for robustness under other scenarios. The Decision Maker can compare different solutions and finally choose the most satisfactory one for being implemented. To demonstrate the validity of the DSS, a realistic example is described through the generation of different scenarios based on the degree of finished goods uniformity in lots.This work has been carried out as part of the project “DPI2008-06788-C02-01 (PERMACASI)” funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government and as part of the project “PAID-06-10-2396 (NegoSol-MAS)” funded by Vicerrectorado de Investigación of Universidat Politècnica de València.Mundi Sancho, MI.; Alemany Díaz, MDM.; Boza, A.; Poler, R. (2013). A Model-Driven Decision Support System for the Master Planning of Ceramic Supply Chains with Non-uniformity of Finished Goods. Studies in Informatics and Control. 22(2):153-162. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/99132S15316222

Monocyte chemotactic protein-3: possible involvement in apical periodontitis chemotaxis

Aim  To study the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3, also known as chemokine CCL-7) in tissue from apical lesions (AL) and to associate MCP-3 expression with symptomatic or asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Methodology  To determine the expression of MCP-3 in AL, biopsies obtained during tooth extraction procedures were fixed, subjected to routine processing and diagnosed as apical granuloma (AG) (n = 7) or radicular cyst (RC) (n = 5). As controls, apical periodontal ligament (PDL) specimens from healthy premolars extracted for orthodontics reasons were included (n = 7). All specimens were immunostained for MCP-3 and examined under a light microscope. In addition, homogenates from AL (n = 14) and healthy PDL samples (n = 7) were studied through immunowestern blot. Finally, periapical exudates samples were collected from root canals of teeth having diagnosis of symptomatic (n = 14) and asymptomatic apical periodontitis (n = 14) during routine endodontic treatments and analysed by immunowestern blot and densitometry. Results  MCP-3 was detected in AG and RC and localized mainly to inflammatory leucocytes, whereas no expression was observed in healthy PDLs. MCP-3 was also detected in periapical exudate, and its levels were significantly higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Conclusions  MCP-3 was expressed in AL and its levels associated with clinical symptoms. MCP-3 might play a role in disease pathogenesis, possibly by stimulating mononuclear chemotaxis.This study was supported by DI 07/02-2 and FONDECYT 1090461 funding. The authors express their gratitude to Leslie Henrı´quez for her excellent technical assistance, to Consuelo Fresno for her collaboration in sample collection, and to the Endodontic Society of Chile for its continuous support