The Gender Earnings Gap in Britain

The earnings gap between male and female employees is substantial and persistent. Using new data for Britain, this paper shows that an important contribution to this gap is made by the workplace in which the employee works. Evidence for workplace and occupational segregation as partial explanations of the earnings gap is presented. Having allowed also for individual worker characteristics there remains a substantial within-workplace and within-occupation gender earnings gap. The contribution of these factors, as well as the earnings gap itself, differ significantly across sectors of the labour market. The relative unimportance of occupational segregation and the large remaining gender earnings gap suggest that stronger enforcement of Equal Pay legislation is likely to be the most appropriate policy response.Gender earnings; wage-gap; fixed-effects; segregation

Job Tenure in Australia and Britain: Individual Versus Workplace effects

We explore determinants of job reallocation and the implications for employment change and average job tenure in this paper. A model which associates technological advances with the process of economic growth is modified and analysed. Data on average job tenure within workplaces and gross job flows across workplaces in Australia are constructed by us from a single panel of workplace data and examined. Substantial simultaneous job creation and destruction are found in a year of strong job growth, suggesting that workplace heterogeneity is an important feature of the Australian labour market. The predictions generated from the theoretical model are examined with the data for job flows and average job tenure. Our results support the key features of the model.labour market flows; job reallocation; creative-destruction; average-tenure

Men, Women and the Hiring Function

This paper examines the idea of ranking of groups and genders in terms of hiring probabilities. By incorporating a range of complementary data sources, measures of the three possible gross worker flows into employment, and the stocks of job seekers from which they come, are provided for both genders in the Australian labour market. We find a clear ranking of men over women in the hiring process. Indeed, in aggregate women appear to be effectively segregated from the male hiring market, whereas this is not true with males in the female hiring market. We also find that amongst males, employed job seekers are ranked above those unemployed and, in turn, above those not in the labour force. For women, the unemployed and employed are not found to be competing with each other, whilst those not in the labour force are ranked below the unemployed. We believe that this is the first study explicitly investigating these three major gross worker flows for women as well as men, enabling us to further explore the interdependent processes in the labour market by considering more fully the interactions across job seekers of different genders and from different labour market states.

Job Tenure in Britain: Employee Characteristics Versus Workplace Effects

We consider differences in current job tenure of individuals using linked employee and workplace data. This enables us to distinguish between variation in tenure associated with the characteristics of individual employees and those of the workplace in which they work. The various individual characteristics are, as a group, found to be essentially uncorrelated with the workplace effect, however, this is not true for women and non-white employees. We find that the lower tenure associated with membership of these demographic groups is predominantly captured by workplace effects suggesting some degree of labour market segmentation in Britain.Job tenure; individual; fixed-effects; voice; segmentation

On a new compactification of moduli of vector bundles on a surface, IV: Nonreduced moduli

The construction for nonreduced projective moduli scheme of semistable admissible pairs is performed. We establish the relation of this moduli scheme with reduced moduli scheme built up in the previous article and prove that nonreduced moduli scheme contains an open subscheme which is isomorphic to moduli scheme of semistable vector bundles.Comment: 20 pages, additions and removal

The non-existence of stable Schottky forms

Let $A_g^S$ be the Satake compactification of the moduli space $A_g$ of principally polarized abelian $g$-folds and $M_g^S$ the closure of the image of the moduli space $M_g$ of genus $g$ curves in $A_g$ under the Jacobian morphism. Then $A_g^S$ lies in the boundary of $A_{g+m}^S$ for any $m$. We prove that $M_{g+m}^S$ and $A_g^S$ do not meet transversely in $A_{g+m}^S$, but rather that their intersection contains the $m$th order infinitesimal neighbourhood of $M_g^S$ in $A_g^S$. We deduce that there is no non-trivial stable Siegel modular form that vanishes on $M_g$ for every $g$. In particular, given two inequivalent positive even unimodular quadratic forms $P$ and $Q$, there is a curve whose period matrix distinguishes between the theta series of $P$ and $Q$.Comment: Corrected version, using Yamada's correct version of Fay's formula for the period matrix of a certain degenerating family of curves. To appear in Compositio Mathematic

Understanding sorting algorithms using music and spatial distribution

This thesis is concerned with the communication of information using auditory techniques. In particular, a music-based interface has been used to communicate the operation of a number of sorting algorithms to users. This auditory interface has been further enhanced by the creation of an auditory scene including a sound wall, which enables the auditory interface to utilise music parameters in conjunction with 2D/3D spatial distribution to communicate the essential processes in the algorithms. The sound wall has been constructed from a grid of measurements using a human head to create a spatial distribution. The algorithm designer can therefore communicate events using pitch, rhythm and timbre and associate these with particular positions in space. A number of experiments have been carried out to investigate the usefulness of music and the sound wall in communicating information relevant to the algorithms. Further, user understanding of the six algorithms has been tested. In all experiments the effects of previous musical experience has been allowed for. The results show that users can utilise musical parameters in understanding algorithms and that in all cases improvements have been observed using the sound wall. Different user performance was observed with different algorithms and it is concluded that certain types of information lend themselves more readily to communication through auditory interfaces than others. As a result of the experimental analysis, recommendations are given on how to improve the sound wall and user understanding by improved choice of the musical mappings