ANALISIS UNSUR MINERAL DAN KORELASINYA DALAM DARAH PENDERITA HIPERTENSI DAN NORMAL DENGAN TEKNIK AAN

Ketidakseimbangan mineral dalam tubuh berkontribusi terhadap munculnya hipertensi. Dalam makalah ini telah dicoba untuk mencari perbedaan kadar unsur mineral pada penderita hipertensi dan normal dan korelasi antar unsur mineral dalam darah penderita hipertensi dan normal. Cuplikan darah penderita hipertensi (n=34) dengan usia 29-55 tahun dan sebagai kontrol (n=52) normal dengan usia 28-55 tahun. Analisis unsur mineral dilakukan dengan teknik analisis aktivasi neutron. Untuk mengetahui signifikasi perbedaan kadar unsur mineral dalam darah penderita hipertensi dan normal, telah dilakukan pengujian nilai rerata konsentrasi dengan statistik-t dan korelasi antar unsur ditentukan berdasarkan koefisien korelasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kadar unsur dalam darah normal dan penderita hipertensi: 30% untuk unsur Co, Cs dan Cu. Perbedaan yang signifikan terdapat pada Fe (p=0,039) dan Cu (p=0,01) dalam darah. Terdapat korelasi positif antara Fe dan Cu dalam darah penderita hipertensi (r=0,218) dan korelasi negatif pada normal (r = -0,173). Antar unsur mineral dalam darah ada yang berkorelasi positif dan ada juga yang berkorelasi negatif. Jadi kemungkinan perubahan kadar unsur mineral dalam darah dan korelasi antar unsur merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi dalam pathogenesis penderita hipertensi.Kata kunci: korelasi, unsur mineral, darah, penderita hipertensi Mineral imbalance in the body may contribute to the development of hypertension. This paper has attempted to search differences of trace elements level in normal and hypertensive and the correlation between mineral elements in hypertension and normal blood. The research samples was composed of hypertensive patients (n= 34 ) aged 29-55 years and the normal controls (n = 52) aged 28-55 years. Analysis of trace elements was conducted using neutron activation analysis. To determine the significance of differences in levels of mineral elements in the blood hypertension and normal, t-testing of mean concentration and correlations between these elements is determined by the correlation coefficient. The results showed that there were differences in levels of elements in normal and hypertensive blood: 30% for the elements Co , Cs and Cu. There are significant differences in Fe (P = 0.039) and Cu (P = 0.01) in the blood. There is a positive correlation between Fe and Cu in the blood hypertension (r = 0.218) and negative correlation in normal (r = -0.173). Between mineral elements there are positive correlation and there are also a negative correlation in hypertension and normal blood. So the possibility of changes in the blood levels of trace elements and inter-element correlation is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Keywords: correlation, mineral element, blood, hypertensio

DISTRIBUSI LOGAM BERAT DALAM SEDIMEN DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CIUJUNG BANTEN

Peningkatan aktivitas masyarakat dan industri di sekitar Sungai Ciujung dapat berdampak terhadap penurunan kualitas Sungai Ciujung. Akibatnya peruntukan sungai untuk bahan baku air minum, irigasi dan perikanan sudah tidak sesuai lagi. Pemantauan kualitas sungai merupakan salah satu strategi proteksi lingkungan hidup, untuk itu diperlukan data yang memadai bagi Pemerintah guna melakukan perencanaan. Telah dilakukan penelitian distribusi logam berat di DAS Ciujung untuk mengetahui kualitasnya. Sejumlah cuplikan sedimen diambil dari beberapa titik sampling di DAS, berdasarkan identifikasi sumber pencemarnya. Sampling dibatasi pada batang tubuh Sungai Ciujung (tidak mencakup anak-anak sungai) dari Ciujung bagian hulu sampai dengan Ciujung bagian hilir ada 31 titik pengambilan. Analisis logam menggunakan teknik analisis aktivasi neutron dan AAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi logam Co, As, Sb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni dan Cd berfluktusi tergantung lokasi titik sampling. Konsentrasi tertinggi untuk logam tersebut ditemukan di daerah industri-1 dan hilir. Evaluasi berdasarkan faktor pengkayaan, faktor kontaminasi dan indeks geoakumulasi, disimpulkan bahwa pada daerah hulu kualitas masih bagus tidak terkontaminasi/tercemar. Daerah Industri-1, industri-2 dan Muara sudah terkontaminasi oleh logam Cd yang bersumber dari kegiatan manusia (antropogenik). Evaluasi berdasarkan indeks beban pencemaran menunjukkan bahwa perairan belum terkontaminasi, tetapi daerah muara, industri-1 dan industri-2 memiliki nilai indeks beban pencemaran yang hampir mendekati baseline level, sehingga monitoring kualitas perairan ke depan tetap perlu dilakukan.Kata kunci: Ciujung, AAN, unsur beracun, polutan, sedimen, DAS. Decrease of Ciujung river quality due to industry and community activities, leading to decreased quality of the river. As a result, river designation for raw drinking water, irrigation and fisheries are not suitable. Monitoring the quality of the river is one of the strategies for the environmental protection; therefore a suitable data should be required by government in a regional planning. A study of heavy metal distribution in the watershed Ciujung was carried out to determine its quality. Number of sediment samples was taken from several sampling points in the watershed, based on its pollutan sources identification. Sampling should be limited on main river (not including tributaries) from upstream to downstream river, there are 31 sampling points. Metal was analyzed using neutron activation analysis technique and AAS. The results showed that the distribution of metals Co, As, Sb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd fluctuate depending on the location. The highest concentrations of metals were found in downstream and industries-1 area. Evaluation based on the enrichment factor, contamination factor and index of geoaccumulation, ware concluded that the quality of upstream is still good has not contaminated / polluted. Industrial-1, industrial-2 area and the downstream ware contaminated by Cd metal source from human activity (anthropogenic). Evaluation based on pollution load index indicates that the river has not been contaminated, but the downstream, industry-1 and 2 areas has a value almost close IBT baseline level, therefore water quality monitoring in the future remains to be carried out. Key word: Ciujung, NAA, toxic elements, pollutan, sediment, watersheds

DISTRIBUSI LOGAM BERAT DALAM SEDIMEN DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CIUJUNG BANTEN

Peningkatan aktivitas masyarakat dan industri di sekitar Sungai Ciujung dapat berdampak terhadap penurunan kualitas Sungai Ciujung. Akibatnya peruntukan sungai untuk bahan baku air minum, irigasi dan perikanan sudah tidak sesuai lagi. Pemantauan kualitas sungai merupakan salah satu strategi proteksi lingkungan hidup, untuk itu diperlukan data yang memadai bagi Pemerintah guna melakukan perencanaan. Telah dilakukan penelitian distribusi logam berat di DAS Ciujung untuk mengetahui kualitasnya. Sejumlah cuplikan sedimen diambil dari beberapa titik sampling di DAS, berdasarkan identifikasi sumber pencemarnya. Sampling dibatasi pada batang tubuh Sungai Ciujung (tidak mencakup anak-anak sungai) dari Ciujung bagian hulu sampai dengan Ciujung bagian hilir ada 31 titik pengambilan. Analisis logam menggunakan teknik analisis aktivasi neutron dan AAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi logam Co, As, Sb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni dan Cd berfluktusi tergantung lokasi titik sampling. Konsentrasi tertinggi untuk logam tersebut ditemukan di daerah industri-1 dan hilir. Evaluasi berdasarkan faktor pengkayaan, faktor kontaminasi dan indeks geoakumulasi, disimpulkan bahwa pada daerah hulu kualitas masih bagus tidak terkontaminasi/tercemar. Daerah Industri-1, industri-2 dan Muara sudah terkontaminasi oleh logam Cd yang bersumber dari kegiatan manusia (antropogenik). Evaluasi berdasarkan indeks beban pencemaran menunjukkan bahwa perairan belum terkontaminasi, tetapi daerah muara, industri-1 dan industri-2 memiliki nilai indeks beban pencemaran yang hampir mendekati baseline level, sehingga monitoring kualitas perairan ke depan tetap perlu dilakukan.Kata kunci: Ciujung, AAN, unsur beracun, polutan, sedimen, DAS. Decrease of Ciujung river quality due to industry and community activities, leading to decreased quality of the river. As a result, river designation for raw drinking water, irrigation and fisheries are not suitable. Monitoring the quality of the river is one of the strategies for the environmental protection; therefore a suitable data should be required by government in a regional planning. A study of heavy metal distribution in the watershed Ciujung was carried out to determine its quality. Number of sediment samples was taken from several sampling points in the watershed, based on its pollutan sources identification. Sampling should be limited on main river (not including tributaries) from upstream to downstream river, there are 31 sampling points. Metal was analyzed using neutron activation analysis technique and AAS. The results showed that the distribution of metals Co, As, Sb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd fluctuate depending on the location. The highest concentrations of metals were found in downstream and industries-1 area. Evaluation based on the enrichment factor, contamination factor and index of geoaccumulation, ware concluded that the quality of upstream is still good has not contaminated / polluted. Industrial-1, industrial-2 area and the downstream ware contaminated by Cd metal source from human activity (anthropogenic). Evaluation based on pollution load index indicates that the river has not been contaminated, but the downstream, industry-1 and 2 areas has a value almost close IBT baseline level, therefore water quality monitoring in the future remains to be carried out. Key word: Ciujung, NAA, toxic elements, pollutan, sediment, watersheds

Malar J

The global health community is interested in the health impact of the billions of dollars invested to fight malaria in Africa. A recent publication used trends in malaria cases and deaths based on health facility records to evaluate the impact of malaria control efforts in Rwanda and Ethiopia. Although the authors demonstrate the use of facility-based data to estimate the impact of malaria control efforts, they also illustrate several pitfalls of such analyses that should be avoided, minimized, or actively acknowledged. A critique of this analysis is presented because many country programmes and donors are interested in evaluating programmatic impact with facility-based data. Key concerns related to: 1) clarifying the objective of the analysis; 2) data validity; 3) data representativeness; 4) the exploration of trends in factors that could influence malaria rates and thus confound the relationship between intervention scale-up and the observed changes in malaria outcomes; 5) the analytic approaches, including small numbers of patient outcomes, selective reporting of results, and choice of statistical and modeling methods; and 6) internal inconsistency on the strength and interpretation of the data. In conclusion, evaluations of malaria burden reduction using facility-based data could be very helpful, but those data should be collected, analysed, and interpreted with care, transparency, and a full recognition of their limitations.2009657

Development of samarium-doped phosphate glass microspheres for internal radiotheranostic applications

Internal radiotherapy delivers radioactive sources inside the body, near to or into malignant tumours, which may be particularly effective when malignancies are not responding to external beam radiotherapy. A pure beta emitter, 90Y, is currently used for internal radiotherapy. However, theranostic radionuclide-doped microspheres can be developed by incorporating 153Sm, which emits therapeutic beta and diagnostic gamma energies. This study investigated the production of high concentrations of samarium-content doped phosphate-based glass microspheres. The glass P60 (i.e. 60P2O5-25CaO-15Na2O) was mixed with Sm2O3 at ratios of 75:25 (G75:Sm25), 50:50 (G50:Sm50) and 25:75 (G25:Sm75) and processed via flame spheroidisation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed the microsphere uniformity with significantly high samarium content up to 44 % in G25:Sm75. Via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, samarium-doped microspheres appeared to be glass–ceramic in nature. Mass-loss, size and pH changes were performed over 28 days, revealing a significant increase in samarium microsphere stability. After 15 min of neutron activation (neutron flux 3.01 × 1013 n.cm−2.s−1), the specific activity of the microspheres (G75:Sm25, G50:Sm50 and G25:Sm75) was 0.28, 0.54 and 0.58 GBq.g−1, respectively. Therefore, the samarium microspheres produced in this study provide great potential for improving internal radiotherapy treatment for liver cancer by avoiding complex procedures and using less microspheres with shorter irradiation time