Interaction of the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia and nicotine on total and categorized ultrasonic vocalizations in rats

Patients with schizophrenia smoke cigarettes at a higher rate than the general population. We hypothesized that a factor in this comorbidity is sensitivity to the reinforcing and reinforcement- enhancement effects of nicotine. Phencyclidine (PCP) was used to model behavioral changes resembling negative symptoms of schizophrenia in rats. USVs in rats have been used to measure emotional states, with 50 kHz USVs indicating positive states and 22 kHz indicating negative. Total and categorized numbers of 22 and 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and USVs during a visual stimulus (e.g. a potential measure of reinforcement-enhancement) were examined in rats following .injection ofh PCP (2.0 mg/kg), and/or nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. PCP was then discontinued and all rats received nicotine (0.2 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg) and PCP (2.0 mg/kg) on 3 challenge days. PCP acutely decreased 50 kHz vocalizations while repeated nicotine potentiated rates of vocalizations, with similar patterns during light presentations. Rats in the PCP and nicotine combination groups made more 50 kHz vocalizations compared to control groups on challenge days. We conclude that PCP may produce a reward deficit that is shown by decreased 50 kHz USVs, and behaviors post-PCP exposure may best model the comorbidity between schizophrenia and nicotine

The fate of nitrogen fixed by diazotrophs in the ocean

International audienceWhile we now know that N2 fixation is a significant source of new nitrogen (N) in the marine environment, little is known about the fate of this N (and associated C), despite the importance of diazotrophs to global carbon and nutrient cycles. Specifically, does N fixed during N2 fixation fuel autotrophic or heterotrophic growth and thus facilitate carbon (C) export from the euphotic zone, or does it contribute primarily to bacterial productivity and respiration in the euphotic zone? For Trichodesmium, the diazotroph we know the most about, the transfer of recently fixed N2 (and C) appears to be primarily through dissolved pools. The release of N varies among and within populations and as a result of the changing physiological state of cells and populations. The net result of trophic transfers appears to depend on the co-occurring organisms and the complexity of the colonizing community. In order to understand the impact of diazotrophy on carbon flow and export in marine systems, we need a better understanding of the trophic flow of elements in Trichodesmium-dominated communities and other diazotrophic communities under various defined physiological states. Nitrogen and carbon fixation rates themselves vary by orders of magnitude within and among studies of Trichodesmium, highlighting the difficulty in extrapolating global rates of N2 fixation from direct measurements. Because the stoichiometry of N2 and C fixation does not appear to be in balance with that of particles, and the relationship between C and N2 fixation rates is also variable, it is equally difficult to derive global rates of one from the other. This paper seeks to synthesize what is known about the fate of diazotrophic production in the environment. A better understanding of the physiology and physiological ecology of Trichodesmium and other marine diazotrophs is necessary to quantify and predict the effects of increased or decreased diazotrophy in the context of the carbon cycle and global change

NT 632 Exegesis of Philippians

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The following list is neither inclusive nor exhaustive. It presents a few of the basic resources for exegesis. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Bibliographical Resources for Ministry,David Bauer, ed. DICTIONARIES Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, (10 vols.), Kittel Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, (1 vol.), Kittel The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, (3 vols.), Colin Brown Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, (3 vols.) Balz and Schneider GREEK RESOURCES Bauer, A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament Moulton & Geden, Concordance to the Greek Testament Metzger, Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek Greenlee, A Concise Exegetical Grammar of New Testament Greek Dana and Mantey. A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament Brooks and Winbery, Syntax of New Testament Greek Winter and Winter, Word Study New Testament and Concordance TEXTUAL CRITICISM Metzger, The Text of the New Testament ---------- A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament THE NEW TESTAMENT AND ITS TIME Bruce, New Testament History Feine, Behm, Kummel, Introduction to the New Testament Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity Guthrie, New Testament Introduction Reicke, The New Testament Era Schurer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, (Revision by Black, Vermes, Millar)https://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/2748/thumbnail.jp

NT 520 New Testament Introduction

Introducing the New Testament, Achtemeier, Green, Thompson (AGT) Interpreting the New Testament, Black and Dockery, eds. (BD)https://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/2889/thumbnail.jp

NT 666 The Book of Revelation

G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation Klein, Blomberg, Hubbard, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graecehttps://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/1673/thumbnail.jp

NT 601 Intermediate Greek

Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece Bruce M. Metzger, Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek Herbert W. Smyth, Greek Grammarhttps://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/2891/thumbnail.jp

BS 720 Roman Hellenism

E. Ferguson, Background of Early Christianity, (2nd ed.) (F) H. Koester, Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. 1, History, (K) Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age Marvin Meyer, The Ancient Mysteries (M)https://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/3053/thumbnail.jp

NT 666 The Book of Revelation

Text: G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation Mark Wilson, Charts on the Book of Revelationhttps://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/1170/thumbnail.jp

NT 520 New Testament Introduction

Part I: Backgrounds of Early Christianity, Everett Ferguson (BEC)1 Introducing the New Testament, Achtemeier, Green, Thompson (AGT) Part II: Interpreting the New Testament, Black and Dockery, eds. (BD) Hearing the New Testament, Joel B. Green (HNT) Part III: Opening the Bible, Thomas Merton (OB) Shaped by the Word, M. Robert Mulholland, Jr. (SW)https://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/2437/thumbnail.jp

NT 601 Intermediate Greek I: Luke-Acts

Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece Bruce M. Metzger, Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek Herbert W. Smyth, Greek Grammarhttps://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/1167/thumbnail.jp