Development of CCME WQI model for the groundwater appraisal for drinking in Basaltic terrain of Kadava River basin, Nashik, India

1933-1940In this study, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI) model has been used to ascertain the groundwater suitability for drinking in Kadava River basin located in Nashik district, Maharashtra. Therefore, forty (40) representative groundwater samples were collected from different dug/bore well during Pre (PRM) and Post (POM) monsoon seasons of 2011 and analyzed by standard procedures of APHA. The parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, F, SO4 and NO3 were considered to compute the CCME WQI model. The results of CCME WQI values inferred that 7.5 % in PRM and 17.5 % samples in POM seasons fall in poor category. Moreover, 77.5 % and 60 % samples fall in marginal category in PRM and POM seasons. While, 15 % and 22.5 % samples came under fair category in PRM and POM seasons. Spatial distribution maps illustrated that North, Central and South regions are identified as vulnerable for drinking; hence, unfit for drinking. In a nutshell, groundwater quality is significantly deteriorated because of agricultural practices and anthropogenic activities, therefore appropriate monitoring along with proper remedial measures is essential to sustain the groundwater quality in the river basin

Economic Ordering Policy for VAR Deterioration Model with Non-stationary Two-warehouse Inventory and Demand

Abstract This paper adopts the two-warehouse inventory, determination on the first run-time and VAR (Vector Auto Regression) deterioration model. The optimal EOQ in the interval of the finite horizon is determined under critical considerations. The non-stationary two-warehouse inventory, i.e. the inventory and initial inventory are non-stationary at level, but stationary after lag difference similar to demand (demand and initial demand). The output of the proposed model represented the optimal order quantity and optimal first run-time, the optimal total cost as integration of first order with the significant trend and intercept. The optimal demand is decreased during more risk as a deterioration variable to reduce the quantity in the stock. The initial demand is stationary after a first lag and the demand is stationary. Keywords: initial inventory; optimal of first run-time; EOQ (Economic Ordering Quantity); total cost function (TC).   Abstrak Penelitian ini mengadopsi inventori dengan dua gudang penyimpanan, penentuan pada waktu run (run-time) awal, dan model deteriorating VAR (Vector Auto Regression). Nilai optimal EOQ dalam interval horizon berhingga ditentukan dengan pertimbangan kritis. Inventori dengan dua gedung yang tidak stasioner, yaitu inventori dan inventori awal tidak stasioner pada level, tetapi stasioner setelah perbedaan lag seperti halnya pada permintaan (permintaan dan permintaan awal). Hasil dari model yang diajukan menunjukkan nilai orde yang optimal dan waktu run awal yang optimal, total biaya optimal sebagai integrasi dari orde pertama dengan tren dan intercept yang signifikan. Permintaan optimal mengalami penurunan ketika lebih banyak risiko sebagai variabel deteroriating untuk mengurangi jumlah dalam stok. Permintaan awal menunjukkan stasioner setelah perbedaan lag pertama dan permintaan juga stasioner. Kata kunci: inventori awal; optimal run-time awal; EOQ (Economic Ordering Quantity); fungsi biaya total

Role of diosgenin extracted from Helicteres isora L in suppression of HIV-1 replication: An in vitro preclinical study

Background: Diosgenin, an essential sapogenin steroid with significant biological implications, is composed of a hydrophilic sugar moiety intricately linked to a hydrophobic steroid aglycone. While the antiviral properties of diosgenin against numerous RNA viruses have been extensively documented, its potential in combating Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections remains unexplored. Experimental procedure: This current investigation presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of extracts derived from the leaves of Helicteres isora, which are notably enriched with diosgenin. Rigorous methodologies, including established chromatographic techniques and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed for the characterization of the active diosgenin compound followed by molecular interaction analyses with the key HIV enzymes and mechanistic validation of HIV inhibition. Key results: The inhibitory effects of extracted diosgenin on the replication of HIV-1 were demonstrated using a permissive cellular system, encompassing two distinct subtypes of HIV-1 strains. Computational analyses involving molecular interactions highlighted the substantial occupancy of critical active site pocket residues within the key HIV-1 proteins by diosgenin. Additionally, the mechanistic underpinnings of diosgenin activity in conjunction with standard controls were elucidated through specialized colorimetric assays, evaluating its impact on HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase enzymes. Conclusions: To our current state of knowledge, this study represents the inaugural demonstration of the anti-HIV efficacy inherent to diosgenin found in the leaves of Helicteres isora, and can be taken further for drug design and development for the management of HIV infection