Building Operator Certification: Improving Commercial Building Energy Efficiency Through Operator Training and Certification

Building Operator Certification (BOC) is a competency-based certification for building operators designed to improve the energy efficiency of commercial buildings. Operators earn certification by attending training sessions and completing project assignments in their facilities. The certification provides a credential for their professional development while also offering employers a way to identify skilled operators. Developed as a market transformation venture with funding from the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, evaluation research has shown BOC participants are saving money and energy in their facilities, and awareness among major employers is growing. BOC is now expanding to serve other regions of the country including the Northeast, California and Wisconsin. It is being offered as a turnkey program to interested organizations and utilities and can be operationalized within a year to serve customers quickly. It also serves as a platform for other energy efficiency initiatives such as building commissioning, EnergyStar benchmarking, and resource conservation manager. This paper will discuss the development and implementation of the Building Operator Certification, market response to BOC in the Northwest and Northeast, and energy saving and customer service benefits

Explaining L2 lexical learning in multiple scenarios : cross-situational word learning in L1 Mandarin L2 English speakers

Adults commonly struggle with perceiving and recognizing the sounds and words of a second language (L2), especially when the L2 sounds do not have a counterpart in the learner’s first language (L1). We examined how L1 Mandarin L2 English speakers learned pseudo English words within a cross‐situational word learning (CSWL) task previously presented to monolingual English and bilingual Mandarin‐English speakers. CSWL is ambiguous because participants are not provided with direct mappings of words and object referents. Rather, learners discern word‐object correspondences through tracking multiple co‐occurrences across learning trials. The monolinguals and bilinguals tested in previous studies showed lower performance for pseudo words that formed vowel minimal pairs (e.g., /dit/‐/dɪt/) than pseudo word which formed consonant minimal pairs (e.g., /bɔn/‐/pɔn/) or non‐minimal pairs which differed in all segments (e.g., /bɔn/‐/dit/). In contrast, L1 Mandarin L2 English listeners struggled to learn all word pairs. We explain this seemingly contradicting finding by considering the multiplicity of acoustic cues in the stimuli presented to all participant groups. Stimuli were produced in infant‐directed‐speech (IDS) in order to compare performance by children and adults and because previous research had shown that IDS enhances L1 and L2 acquisition. We propose that the suprasegmental pitch variation in the vowels typical of IDS stimuli might be perceived as lexical tone distinctions for tonal language speakers who cannot fully inhibit their L1 activation, resulting in high lexical competition and diminished learning during an ambiguous word learning task. Our results are in line with the Second Language Linguistic Perception (L2LP) model which proposes that fine‐grained acoustic information from multiple sources and the ability to switch between language modes affects non‐native phonetic and lexical development

Giant crystal-electric-field effect and complex magnetic behavior in single-crystalline CeRh3Si2

Single-crystalline CeRh3Si2 was investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, electrical resistivity, and specific heat measurements carried out in wide temperature and magnetic field ranges. Moreover, the electronic structure of the compound was studied at room temperature by cerium core-level x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The physical properties were analyzed in terms of crystalline electric field and compared with results of ab-initio band structure calculations performed within the density functional theory approach. The compound was found to crystallize in the orthorhombic unit cell of the ErRh3Si2 type (space group Imma -- No.74, Pearson symbol: oI24) with the lattice parameters: a = 7.1330(14) A, b = 9.7340(19) A, and c = 5.6040(11) A. Analysis of the magnetic and XPS data revealed the presence of well localized magnetic moments of trivalent cerium ions. All physical properties were found to be highly anisotropic over the whole temperature range studied, and influenced by exceptionally strong crystalline electric field with the overall splitting of the 4f1 ground multiplet exceeding 5700 K. Antiferromagnetic order of the cerium magnetic moments at TN = 4.70(1)K and their subsequent spin rearrangement at Tt = 4.48(1) K manifest themselves as distinct anomalies in the temperature characteristics of all investigated physical properties and exhibit complex evolution in an external magnetic field. A tentative magnetic B-T phase diagram, constructed for B parallel to the b-axis being the easy magnetization direction, shows very complex magnetic behavior of CeRh3Si2, similar to that recently reported for an isostructural compound CeIr3Si2. The electronic band structure calculations corroborated the antiferromagnetic ordering of the cerium magnetic moments and well reproduced the experimental XPS valence band spectrum.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, to appear in Physical Review

Revealing perceptual structure through input variation: cross-accent categorization of vowels in five accents of English

This paper characterizes the perceptual structure of vowel systems in five regional accents of English, from Australia (A), New Zealand (Z), London (L), Yorkshire (Y), and Newcastle upon Tyne (N), on the basis of “whole system” vowel categorization experiments. We established patterns of within-accent vowel confusions, and then explored cross-accent perception, assessing how listeners from one accent background categorize vowels from another. Our experimental task required mapping continuous phonetic dimensions to perceptual categories in the absence of phonotactic and lexical cues to vowel identity and socio-indexical information about the talker. Our results show that, without these sources of information, there is uncertainty in vowel categorization, even for native accent vowels, and that this degree of uncertainty increases for unfamiliar accents. The patterns of cross-accent perception largely reflect the accent-specific perceptual structure of the listener, as opposed to adaptations to the stimulus accents. This finding contrasts with the type of active talker adaptation found with tasks offering lexical information about vowel identity and indexical information about the talker

Resilience of English vowel perception across regional accent variation

In two categorization experiments using phonotactically legal nonce words, we tested Australian English listeners’ perception of all vowels in their own accent as well as in four less familiar regional varieties of English which differ in how their vowel realizations diverge from Australian English: London, Yorkshire, Newcastle (UK), and New Zealand. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that amongst the vowel differences described in sociophonetic studies and attested in our stimulus materials, only a small subset caused greater perceptual difficulty for Australian listeners than for the corresponding Australian English vowels. We discuss this perceptual tolerance for vowel variation in terms of how perceptual assimilation of phonetic details into abstract vowel categories may contribute to recognizing words across variable pronunciations. Experiment 2 determined whether short-term multi-talker exposure would facilitate accent adaptation, particularly for those vowels that proved more difficult to categorize in Experiment 1. For each accent separately, participants listened to a pre-test passage in the nonce word accent but told by novel talkers before completing the same task as in Experiment 1. In contrast to previous studies showing rapid adaptation to talker-specific variation, our listeners’ subsequent vowel assimilations were largely unaffected by exposure to other talkers’ accent-specific variation

Lessons learned - resolving the enigma of genetic factors in IBS

IBS is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder and phenotypically characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort, pain and altered defecation patterns. The pathophysiology of IBS is multifactorial, albeit with a substantial genetic component. To date, studies using various methodologies, ranging from family and twin studies to candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies, have identified several genetic variants in the context of IBS. Yet, despite enlarged sample sizes, increased statistical power and meta-analyses in the past 7 years, positive associations are still scarce and/or have not been reproduced. In addition, epigenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches remain in their infancy. A major hurdle is the lack of large homogenized case-control cohorts recruited according to standardized and harmonized criteria. The COST Action BM1106 GENIEUR (GENes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Network EURope) has been established to address these obstacles. In this Review, the (epi)genetic working group of GENIEUR reports on the current state-of-the-art in the field, highlights fundamental flaws and pitfalls in current IBS (epi) genetic research and provides a vision on how to address and improve (epi) genetic approaches in this complex disorder in the future.This is the peer reviewed version of the paper: Gazouli, M., Wouters, M. M., Kapur-Pojskić, L., Bengtson, M.-B., Friedman, E., Nikčević, G., Demetriou, C. A., Mulak, A., Santos, J., & Niesler, B. (2016). Lessons learned—Resolving the enigma of genetic factors in IBS. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 13(2), 77–87. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2015.206]Published version: [https://imagine.imgge.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/977

United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on Functional Dyspepsia

BackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common conditions in clinical practice. In spite of its prevalence, FD is associated with major uncertainties in terms of its definition, underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.MethodsA Delphi consensus was initiated with 41 experts from 22 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 87 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for 36 statements.ResultsThe panel agreed with the definition in terms of its cardinal symptoms (early satiation, postprandial fullness, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning), its subdivision into epigastric pain syndrome and postprandial distress syndrome, and the presence of accessory symptoms (upper abdominal bloating, nausea, belching), and overlapping conditions. Also, well accepted are the female predominance of FD, its impact on quality of life and health costs, and acute gastrointestinal infections, and anxiety as risk factors. In terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, the consensus supports a role for impaired gastric accommodation, delayed gastric emptying, hypersensitivity to gastric distention, Helicobacter pylori infection, and altered central processing of signals from the gastroduodenal region. There is consensus that endoscopy is mandatory for establishing a firm diagnosis of FD, but that in primary care, patients without alarm symptoms or risk factors can be managed without endoscopy. There is consensus that H. pylori status should be determined in every patient with dyspeptic symptoms and H. pylori positive patients should receive eradication therapy. Also, proton pump inhibitor therapy is considered an effective therapy for FD, but no other treatment approach reached a consensus. The long‐term prognosis and life expectancy are favorable.Conclusions and InferencesA multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on the definition, diagnosis and management of FD

Explaining L2 Lexical Learning in Multiple Scenarios : Cross-Situational Word Learning in L1 Mandarin L2 English Speakers

Adults commonly struggle with perceiving and recognizing the sounds and words of a second language (L2), especially when the L2 sounds do not have a counterpart in the learner’s first language (L1). We examined how L1 Mandarin L2 English speakers learned pseudo English words within a cross-situational word learning (CSWL) task previously presented to monolingual English and bilingual Mandarin-English speakers. CSWL is ambiguous because participants are not provided with direct mappings of words and object referents. Rather, learners discern word-object correspondences through tracking multiple co-occurrences across learning trials. The monolinguals and bilinguals tested in previous studies showed lower performance for pseudo words that formed vowel minimal pairs (e.g., /dit/-/dɪt/) than pseudo word which formed consonant minimal pairs (e.g., /bɔn/-/pɔn/) or non-minimal pairs which differed in all segments (e.g., /bɔn/-/dit/). In contrast, L1 Mandarin L2 English listeners struggled to learn all word pairs. We explain this seemingly contradicting finding by considering the multiplicity of acoustic cues in the stimuli presented to all participant groups. Stimuli were produced in infant-directed-speech (IDS) in order to compare performance by children and adults and because previous research had shown that IDS enhances L1 and L2 acquisition. We propose that the suprasegmental pitch variation in the vowels typical of IDS stimuli might be perceived as lexical tone distinctions for tonal language speakers who cannot fully inhibit their L1 activation, resulting in high lexical competition and diminished learning during an ambiguous word learning task. Our results are in line with the Second Language Linguistic Perception (L2LP) model which proposes that fine-grained acoustic information from multiple sources and the ability to switch between language modes affects non-native phonetic and lexical development.publishe

Magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity anomalies of U(OH)2SO4 at 21 K

Les résultats des mesures de susceptibilité magnétique et de chaleur spécifique sur U(OH)2SO4 orthorhombique montrent une anomalie à 21 K. Cette anomalie est associée probablement avec une transition cristallographique induite par l'effet coopératif de Jahn-Teller. Au-dessus de 21 K, le niveau fondamental de l'ion d'uranium +4 est un doublet | MJ = ± 2 > qui, au-dessous de cette température, est décomposé en deux singulets 1/√2|2>±1/√2|[MATH]>.The magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity measurements of orthorhombic U(OH)2SO4 have revealed an anomaly at 21 K which is presumably associated with crystallographic transition induced by the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect. The electronic ground doublet of the uranium (4+) ion above 21 K | MJ = ± 2 >; splits below this temperature into two singlets 1/√2|2〉±1/√2|[MATH]>