Feature extraction using two dimensional (2D) legendre wavelet filter for partial iris recognition

An increasing need for biometrics recognition systems has grown substantially to address the issues of recognition and identification, especially in highly dense areas such as airports, train stations, and financial transactions. Evidence of these can be seen in some airports and also the implementation of these technologies in our mobile phones. Among the most popular biometric technologies include facial, fingerprints, and iris recognition. The iris recognition is considered by many researchers to be the most accurate and reliable form of biometric recognition because iris can neither be surgically operated with a chance of losing slight nor change due to aging. However, presently most iris recognition systems available can only recognize iris image with frontal-looking and high-quality images. Angular image and partially capture image cannot be authenticated with the existing method of iris recognition. This research investigates the possibility of developing a technique for recognition partially captured iris image. The technique is designed to process the iris image at 50%, 25%, 16.5%, and 12.5% and to find a threshold for a minimum amount of iris region required to authenticate the individual. The research also developed and implemented two Dimensional (2D) Legendre wavelet filter for the iris feature extraction. The Legendre wavelet filter is to enhance the feature extraction technique. Selected iris images from CASIA, UBIRIS, and MMU database were used to test the accuracy of the introduced technique. The technique was able to produce recognition accuracy between 70 – 90% CASIA-interval with 92.25% accuracy, CASIA-distance with 86.25%, UBIRIS with 74.95%, and MMU with 94.45%

IMPACT OF FUNDING IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS FOR THE DISABLED PERSONS IN SPECIAL SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA

The Nigeria National Education Policy (6-3-3-4) is specific on physical education when it stated in paragraph 7 and 8 of section one of the National Policy on Education that physical education will be emphasized at all levels of the educational system. In an attempt to further confirm the attention given to sport in Nigeria, the federal government of Nigeria’s Sports Development Policy documents (FRN, 1989) states that the Federal government accepts special responsibility for ensuring adequate level of funding for such programme as sports for the disabled. Very little efforts have been made in respect of proper funding for sports for the disabled in special schools in Nigeria. This paper discussed the impact of funding in the organization of sports for the disabled persons in special schools in Nigeria. The hypothesis stated in this paper was that funding has no significant impact in the organization of sport for the disabled persons in special schools in Nigeria. The population of this study consists of 5030 disabled students, 38 sports coordinators and 35 coaches of Special Schools in Nigeria. Proportionate sampling technique was used in selecting the number of respondents while simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from each of the special schools using the dip and pick method. A sample size of four hundred and eight (408) respondents made up of disabled persons in special schools, sports coordinators and coaches were used. A designed questionnaire for the deaf and dumb, the crippled were administered while the blind were equally administered with questionnaire which was interpreted into braille. The result in table 1 indicated the calculated chi-square value of 441.18 to be higher than the critical chi-square value of 34.17 at df 20 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. This shows that funding has significant impact in the organization of sports for the disabled persons in special schools in Nigeria. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that funding has no significant impact in the organization of sports for the disabled persons in special schools in Nigeria is hereby rejected.  Article visualizations

Comparing the legendre wavelet filter and the gabor wavelet filter for feature extraction based on iris recognition system

Iris recognition system is today among the most reliable form of biometric recognition. Some of the reasons why the iris recognition system is reliable include; Iris never changes due to ageing and individual can be recognized with their irises from long distances up to 50m away. The iris recognition system process includes four main steps. The four main steps are; iris image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction and matching, which makes the processes in recognizing an individual with his or her iris. However, most researchers recognized feature extraction as a critical stage in the recognition process. The stage is tasked with extracting unique feature of the individual to be recognized. Different algorithm over two-decade has been proposed to extract features from the iris. This research considered the Gabor filter, which is one of the most used and Legendre wavelet filters. We also apply them on three different datasets; CASIA, UBIRIS and MMU databases. Then we evaluate and compare based on the False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR), Genuine Acceptance Rate (GAR) and their accuracy. The result shows a significate increase in recognition accuracy of the Legendre wavelet filter against the Gabor filter with up to 5.4% difference when applied with the UBIRIS database

Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Tissues of Cattle Slaughtered across Nasarawa State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in cattle slaughtered from the three agricultural zones of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Selected tissues of muscle, intestine, skin, kidney and liver were analyzed for the presence of  Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Thirty cattle were used for sampling. Five samples of the tissues were collected from each of the cattle, making a total of one hundred and fifty samples. Values obtained were compared with that of FAO/WHO guidelines. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in all the sampled tissues were generally low and below the codex standards. Cr was detected above permissible limit with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 1.19±5.94, 1.07±4.42, 3.01±6.65, 1.18±5.56 and 1.35±6.94 in intestine, kidney, liver, muscle and skin respectively. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the level of Ni and Cd across two agricultural zones. Government and private sectors should establish cattle ranch and colonies across Nigeria so  as to reduce pasture contamination. Public enlightenment on the grazing of cattle in heavy metals prone areas such as automobile workshops, construction sites and paint factory premises should be advocated. Measures should be put in place for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in Nasarawa state in order to curtail their potential negative effect in human and animal tissues. Key words: cattle, heavy metals, AAS, Nasarawa state

An efficient iris image thresholding based on binarization threshold in black hole search method

In iris recognition system, the segmentation stage is one of the most important stages where the iris is located and then further segmented into outer and lower boundary of iris region. Several algorithms have been proposed in order to segment the outer and lower boundary of the iris region. The aim of this research is to identify the suitable threshold value in order to locate the outer and lower boundaries using Black Hole Search Method. We chose these methods because of the ineffient features of the other methods in image indetification and verifications. The experiment was conducted using three data set; UBIRIS, CASIA and MMU because of their superiority over others. Given that different iris databases have different file formats and quality, the images used for this work are jpeg and bmp. Based on the experimentation, most suitable threshold values for identification of iris aboundaries for different iris databases have been identified. It is therefore compared with the other methods used by other researchers and found out that the values of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.1 for database UBIRIS, CASIA and MMU respectively are more accurate and comprehensive. The study concludes that threshold values vary depending on the database

Correlates of postpartum sexual activity and contraceptive use in Kano, northern Nigeria

Practices related to resumption of coitus after childbirth remains poorly documented in Nigeria. This study examined factors associated with sexual intercourse, delivery-coitus interval, and contraceptive use among postpartum women attending a tertiary centre in Kano, northern Nigeria. A cross section of 317 women attending immunization, postnatal and family planning clinics within 12 months of childbirth was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Vaginal intercourse was resumed by most women (n=212; 66.9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 61.8%, 72.2%) with delivery-coitus resumption interval (mean ± SD) of 9.6±5.2 weeks postpartum. The majority (67.9%) resumed sexual activity within 8 weeks of delivery. Nearly two-thirds 65.6% (n=139/212) of the sexually active women reported current use of contraceptives. Onset of postpartum sexual activity was independently associated with mode of delivery adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95%CI)= 1.10 (1.03,1.78), baby‘s age AOR (95%CI) =2.10 (1.27, 8.70), number of living children AOR (95%CI)=1.21 (1.07,1.79), onset of menstruation AOR (95%CI)=0.34 (0.17,0.69) and co-habitation AOR (95%CI)=0.47 (0.016, 0.14). Contraceptive use was predicted by educational status, sexual activity, baby‘s age and menstruation. Most women attending maternal and child health clinics resumed sexual intercourse within 2 months of delivery, but only two-thirds used modern contraceptive methods. Contraceptive counseling should commence early, preferably during pregnancy.Keywords: sexual intercourse, postpartum, contraceptive use, predictors, Nigeri