Red deer synchronise their activity with close neighbours

Models of collective animal behaviour frequently make assumptions about the effects of neighbours on the behaviour of focal individuals, but these assumptions are rarely tested. One such set of assumptions is that the switch between active and inactive behaviour seen in herding animals is influenced by the activity of close neighbours, where neighbouring animals show a higher degree of behavioural synchrony than would be expected by chance. We tested this assumption by observing the simultaneous behaviour of paired individuals within a herd of red deer Cervus elaphus. Focal individuals were more synchronised with their two closest neighbours than with the third closest or randomly selected individuals from the herd. Our results suggest that the behaviour of individual deer is influenced by immediate neighbours. Even if we assume that there are no social relationships between individuals, this suggests that the assumptions made in models about the influence of neighbours may be appropriate

ESRC IAA Workshop: Towards Maximising International PhD Students' Experience: Extended Summary

No abstract available

Enhancing the Experience of International Doctoral Researchers - Key Messages

No abstract available

Meniscal Substitution: A Literature Review

With the increased awareness that meniscectomy results in degenerative changes in the knee joint, research is now aimed at substituting the meniscus that had been previously removed. Surgical attempts at replacing the meniscus include the use of autografts, allografts, and artificial synthetic prosthesis. This paper will review the available literature regarding each type of meniscal substitute. Surgical procedures, results, and considerations relating to the different substitutes will be examined. While studies indicate that meniscal transplantation is technically feasible, the long-term results are unknown. More research is necessary to determine if meniscal substitutes can survive for a prolonged time and function to prevent further degenerative changes from occurring

Letter from [Annie L. Muir] to [Margaret Muir Reid et al.], 1901 Apr 27.

[1]Portage, Wis. Apr. 27 1901Dear Maggie, Sarah, & the Rest -I enclose Maude Watson\u27s letter, which explains itself. I returned from Poynette yesterday afternoon - It seems that Mrs. Robertson had the grip in the winter & had not been quite so strong since that time - But she kept up her work in her persevering way - Had even done some housecleaning the week before her illness began and bought a new bonnet The first, she said, since Mary\u27s death. She went to church on Sunday the 14th - On Monday did not feel as well as usual. Was worse on Tuesday and they called Dr. [Binney?] who called it pneumonia & called the case a serious one - The family were not th[en?] alarmed - But Maude sent for her sister - Mrs. Bushnel - who came at once & took care of her house & family so that Maude could stay with Mrs. R. day & night - Mary Blackley & the neighbors helped too - Hamilton who has been in Madison all winter in a printing office happened to be at home for a few weeks - so was there too06198 [2]On Saturday she seemed better - and they were quite hopeful - But at 11 o\u27clock in Saturday night she was taken very much worse - and she could not speak to them again tho. she tried painfully hard to do so. Maud\u27s letter tells the rest - She was laid to rest beside John Watson & the family in the Arlington Cemetery On Tuesday the 23rd On a beautiful Spring Day - +++ She left no Will. But Hamilton & Jim seem likely to settle everything about the property & disposal of things in a peacible and satisfactory manner. The house which she occupied is to be rented - James had rented the farm & he will live there & board with the family who lives in the house & helps him to work it. H. has let his farm and hardly knows what he will do - Go back to Madison probably - His family lives in the House on his farm - & are very comfortable indeed - She & the children seem well & happy. The baby is now nearly seven months old & a great pet inthe family - I, & two of the little boys went across the field to the woods and gathered lots of the beautiful Anemone - I enclose [two?] hoping that they may keep their color untill they reach you. -(3.)Dr. West & little family are still with me - In some way the house which they thought they were sure of - Slipped from them & before they knew it was rented by some one else - who had looked at before they did or something of that sort - They have not found anything else which suited them - and now that Baby is well & thriving & the family is much smaller - She had two women here until she was about seven weeks old - A girl in the Kitchen & a woman to help her & the Baby. Poor little thing she had a hard time, the first five weeks - as they could find no food which would agree with her - & she nearly starved - She hardly weighs eleven pounds now & will be ten weeks old tomorrow. But she is well - & so sweet & good. They have put in a little garden and will stay with me for the present. I have my board for the rooms they have - And while I pay them nothing They have no rent to pay - And that is worth something to them while they are getting started here - For Osteopathy is not as well known here now as it will be in a few years - or perhaps months. He has a number of patients but not as many as he wants - By a good deal - He very kindly gives me two or three treat-06198 [4][treat-]ments a week. free of charge - I began regular treatments of the tenth of this month - I think it is helping me - I hesitated about taking them when I could not afford to pay him - but her very kindly said he did not want any pay - That I had already paid him - & was paying him all the time - But he did not explain how I did it - He is a very conscientious, Christian young man, I have great confict[ense?] in him, & hope he may do well here - Poor little Arthur Owen! I only heard yesterday about his accident - And how courageous he was about it all - He must be a Dear little fellow - Well Maggie I think of you very often & am glad that you can have Sarah with you so much of the time, when you are not [illegible] well - The Lord bless you both now & always I pray - My Love to you both - Each - and All - Mother\u27s Geraneum is full of large fine blossoms -Love And Goodbye -Will send you Poynette papers, soon

Can the ischemic penumbra be identified on noncontrast CT of acute stroke?

<p><b>Background and Purpose:</b> Early ischemic changes on noncontrast CT in acute stroke include both hypoattenuation and brain swelling, which may have different pathophysiological significance.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Noncontrast CT and CT perfusion brain scans from patients with suspected acute stroke <6 hours after onset were reviewed. Five raters independently scored noncontrast CTs blind to clinical data using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Each ASPECTS region was scored as hypodense or swollen. A separate reviewer measured time to peak and cerebral blood volume in each ASPECTS region on CT perfusion. Time to peak and cerebral blood volume were compared for each region categorized as normal, hypodense, or isodense and swollen.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Scans of 32 subjects a median 155 minutes after onset yielded 228 regions with both CT perfusion and noncontrast CT data. Isodense swelling was associated with significantly higher cerebral blood volume (P=0.016) and with penumbral perfusion (posttest:pretest likelihood ratio 1.44 [95% CI: 0.68 to 2.90]), whereas hypodensity was associated with more severe time to peak delay and with core perfusion (likelihood ratio 3.47 [95% CI: 1.87 to 6.34]). Neither isodense swelling nor hypodensity was sensitive for prediction of perfusion pattern, but appearances were highly specific (87.2% and 91.0% for penumbra and core, respectively). Intrarater agreement was good or excellent, but interrater agreement for both hypodensity and swelling was poor.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Regions exhibiting hypoattenuation are likely to represent the infarct core, whereas regions that are isodense and swollen have increased cerebral blood volume and are more likely to signify penumbral perfusion. Although noncontrast CT is not sensitive for detection of core and penumbra, appearances are specific. Some information on tissue viability can therefore be obtained from noncontrast CT.</p&gt

The Case Against an International Cyber Warfare Convention

None available

Combatting Cyber-Attacks Through National Interest Diplomacy: A Trilateral Treaty with Teeth

In May 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation indicted five Chinese nationals for cybercrimes against American companies. That indictment was an impotent response. The United States has no extradition treaty with China, and the defendants will in all likelihood never be tried in the United States. The inefficacy of the indictments highlights a larger problem: State-controlled cyberunits can act with impunity under the present mix of international and domestic law. No laws govern conduct between nation-states, and, thus, neither victims nor nation-states have recourse against violators. This Article suggests that the United States should pursue national interest diplomacy to triangulate Russia and China by negotiating a trilateral cyberlaw treaty. The Article first demonstrates why the United States has failed in bilateral negotiations with these two nations in the past. It proposes that the United States should shift strategies by beginning to pursue national interest diplomacy rather than multilateral diplomacy. This strategy would encourage rapprochement with Russia first, thereby putting pressure on China to join the treaty or else be isolated. Finally, the Article lays out a workable framework on which policymakers can construct the diplomatic means to secure restitution for the victims of cyber-attacks

Letter from Anne Annie L. Muir to John Muir, ca. 1861

page 8 [they have drawn a lot of lumber?] down near McHays to build a Roman Catholic church so you see they are getting on [but I illegible illegible illegible illegible illegible deleted] well John I cannot think of much more to say but let me see I [illegible] you said in your letter to Mary that you believed if [Clide?] ws to come into the room you would kiss him but I guess you will never see [him?] again you may see his grave but I think that will be all I guess next Sunday the prayer meetings will have 09912 page 4 to be closed is there any of them closed where you are. I should think you would be lonesome living all alone unless you are are pretty busy all the time I suppose I will have to close my letter now for I cant think of any more to say but you must write a longer letter then this excuse all mistakes and bad writing from your afectionate sister Anne Muir write soo

Letter from Anne Annie L. Muir to John Muir, ca. 1861

page 8 [they have drawn a lot of lumber?] down near McHays to build a Roman Catholic church so you see they are getting on [but I illegible illegible illegible illegible illegible deleted] well John I cannot think of much more to say but let me see I [illegible] you said in your letter to Mary that you believed if [Clide?] ws to come into the room you would kiss him but I guess you will never see [him?] again you may see his grave but I think that will be all I guess next Sunday the prayer meetings will have 09912 page 4 to be closed is there any of them closed where you are. I should think you would be lonesome living all alone unless you are are pretty busy all the time I suppose I will have to close my letter now for I cant think of any more to say but you must write a longer letter then this excuse all mistakes and bad writing from your afectionate sister Anne Muir write soo