Menstrual Hygiene Condition Of Adolescent Schoolgirls At Chittagong Division In Bangladesh

Abstract: In developing countries like Bangladesh, menstrual hygiene and management is not prime concern in the sector of reproductive health and water, sanitation and hygiene. To achieve Millennium Development goals (MDGs) within right time a study on women reproductive health of Bangladesh is very necessary as it ensures environment sustainability, gender equality and women empowerment. A typical and systematic study on adolescent school girls of greater Chittagong Division of Bangladesh on menstrual hygiene and management condition were carried to identify the prevailing knowledge and experiences and their implications. Chittagong division consists of 11 districts including total land area 33,771.18 Sq. Km. where the total land area of Bangladesh is 1,47,570 Sq. Km. By using mixed methods both quantitative and qualitative, data was collected from 1373 adolescent school girls from 22 schools of 11 districts. The survey includes some pre-questionnaires and focus group discussions and interviews. Knowledge and beliefs, experiences during menstruation, seclusion and absenteeism and finally hygiene practices were analysed through this descripti ve cross sectional study. Data wasn‟t fluctuated very much in different district except Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban. Maximum number of survey respondents (96%) reported that they had known about menstruation before their menarche, 90 % respondents were facing abdominal pain and mental stress is another key thing due to extra thinking about her menstruation and maintain secrecy from others, 95 % of them maintaining some restrictions due to religious issue and for other significant reason. Almost 39 % of total respondents was being absent in school at least one day, during menstruation period and reason behind this circumstances were also evaluated. Re-usable cloths were preferred by the tribal girls (Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban district) whereas sanitary pad was preferable by rest of the district. In total 49 % used re-usable cloths and use rate of old piece of cloth was higher at rural area. Absorbent material used, bath taken, cleaning and changing, availability of toilet, disposal of absorbent material in last menstruation were analysed t

Hygiene Condition of Water Use and Sanitation Facilities at Urban Slums: Analysis of Port City Chittagong, Bangladesh / Wyposażenie Sanitarne W Slamsach Miejskich - Analiza Na Podstawie Miasta Portowego Chittagong, Bangladesh

Low income community development is the prerequisite for the overall development of a society. There are different kinds of parameters to widen community development, such as health, economic, social, a living pattern, etc. Sanitation condition is the crucial aspect that is directly or indirectly inter bond with all the parameters. To see the exact reasons behind brutal unhygienic sanitation conditions of water supply and latrine system in a low cost community, the Chittagong City Corporation area has been picked. Relevant data have been collected from field survey, consultancy with inhabitants, Chittagong City Corporation, Power Development Board, and WASA. To know the possible reasons behind the water supply and germ-infested sanitation, state of a low cost community, this paper attempts to shed some light on the tribulations behind the scarcity of safe drinking water, dirt free a as well as sustainable latrine and drainage system and offensive water management.Obszary takie jak rozwój gospodarczy, bariery społeczne, standard życia i zdrowie, ściśle związane są ze stanem wyposażenia sanitarnego. W artykule dokonano analizy warunków sanitarnych związanych z zaopatrzeniem w wodę i odprowadzeniem ścieków dla społeczności o niskich dochodach w obszarze Chittagong City Corporation. Dane zostały zebrane podczas ankietowych badań terenowych, rozmów z mieszkańcami, z bazy Chittagong City Corporation, Power Development Board i WASA

Hygiene Condition of Water Use and Sanitation Facilities at Urban Slums: Analysis of Port City Chittagong, Bangladesh / Wyposażenie Sanitarne W Slamsach Miejskich - Analiza Na Podstawie Miasta Portowego Chittagong, Bangladesh

Obszary takie jak rozwój gospodarczy, bariery społeczne, standard życia i zdrowie, ściśle związane są ze stanem wyposażenia sanitarnego. W artykule dokonano analizy warunków sanitarnych związanych z zaopatrzeniem w wodę i odprowadzeniem ścieków dla społeczności o niskich dochodach w obszarze Chittagong City Corporation. Dane zostały zebrane podczas ankietowych badań terenowych, rozmów z mieszkańcami, z bazy Chittagong City Corporation, Power Development Board i WASA

Effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on Water Permeability and Strength of High Performance Concrete

to enhance the strength and water permeability characteristics of High Performance Concrete (HPC). The utilization of these industrial by products is becoming popular throughout the world because of the minimization of their potential hazardous effects on environment. This paper investigates the individual effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash as a partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) on water permeability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural tensile strength of High Performance Concrete (HPC). To investigate these properties of concrete, the total investigation was categorized into two basic test groups- SF Group for Silica Fume and FA Group for Fly Ash. Seven types of mix proportions were used to cast the test specimens for both groups. The replacement levels of OPC by Silica Fume were 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15 % and 20 % where replacement levels of OPC by Fly Ash were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25 % and 30%. 1 % super-plasticizer was used in all the test specimens for high performance (i.e., high workability at lower water-binder ratio) and to identify the sharp effects of Silica Fume and Fly Ash on the properties of concrete. Water-binder ratio was kept 0.42 for all cases and the specimens were tested at ages of 7, 14 and 28 days.10 % Silica Fume and 20 % Fly Ash showed the lowest water penetration depth of 11mm and 15 mm respectively. 7.5 % Silica Fume and 10 % Fly Ash were found to be optimum for maximum compressive strength, maximum split tensile strength as well as maximum flexural tensile strength