Structural and functional insights into asymmetric enzymatic dehydration of alkenols

The asymmetric dehydration of alcohols is an important process for the direct synthesis of alkenes. We report the structure and substrate specificity of the bifunctional linalool dehydratase isomerase (LinD) from the bacterium Castellaniella defragrans that catalyzes in nature the hydration of β-myrcene to linalool and the subsequent isomerization to geraniol. Enzymatic kinetic resolutions of truncated and elongated aromatic and aliphatic tertiary alcohols (C5-C15) that contain a specific signature motif demonstrate the broad substrate specificity of LinD. The three-dimensional structure of LinD from Castellaniella defragrans revealed a pentamer with active sites at the protomer interfaces. Furthermore, the structure of LinD in complex with the product geraniol provides initial mechanistic insights into this bifunctional enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed active site amino acid residues essential for its dehydration and isomerization activity. These structural and mechanistic insights facilitate the development of hydrating catalysts, enriching the toolbox for novel bond-forming biocatalysis

Biotransformations of Proline by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases

Hydroxylases introduce hydroxyl groups with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity making them of significant interest for use in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates and drug metabolites. 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases (2OGDOs) are non-haem dependent Fe(II) containing enzymes that catalyse various oxidation reactions, including the hydroxylation of free amino acids. Unlike the more studied cytochromes P450, these enzymes only require molecular oxygen, Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate for catalysis, circumventing the need for a costly cofactor regeneration system. The targets of this work were three proline hydroxylases: a trans-4-proline hydroxylase from Dactylsporangium sp. RH1 (DOGDH), a cis-3-proline-hydoxylase from Streptomyces sp. (StP3H) and a cis-4-proline-hydroxylase from Mesorhizobium loti (MlC4H). Genes encoding all three were cloned into the pET-YSBLIC3C (and pET22b for DOGDH) expression vectors, expressed in Escherichia coli, and produced and purified by chromatography for use in crystallisation studies and enzymatic transformations. Extensive crystallisation trials were attempted for DOGDH including enzymatic, chemical and mutagenic modification with little success. A homology model was therefore constructed in order to identify catalytic residues within the active site that could be manipulated for enhancing the function of DOGDH. A precolumn derivatisation assay using FMOC-Cl was developed for the analysis of proline and its hydroxylated equivalents by HPLC and LC-MS. Biotransformations were performed with L-proline using the three hydroxylases with whole cell reaction conditions deemed optimal due to the multi-component nature of the enzymes, with the cell providing machinery for the recycling of cofactors. Reactions were scaled from shake flasks to stirred tank vessels with the flow of air into the vessel and stirring rate deemed key parameters for optimal function. Finally, a high-throughput substrate screening method using a BioLecter micro-bioreactor was successfully developed and trialled with the three hydroxylases with a panel of substrates providing a platform for future investigations