Trend and Development of Soccer Research: An Observation

The game of soccer has been adopted by nearly every nation and it is one of the most decentralized sports in the world. Due to the popularity of soccer, several research studies on football’s performance have been conducted to satisfy the people’s interest. This systematic qualitative research used both online and offline approaches to compile the literature. Therefore, the current researcher would like to conduct an investigation that necessitates a study of soccer literature’s trends and development. The primary objective of this academic qualitative study was to examine soccer-specific skills, system and formation-based soccer studies, somatotype research in soccer, fitness research in soccer, wearable Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in soccer game, and drone technology in soccer game. The relationship between manual digit ratio (2D:4D) and soccer is also discussed, as well as how the prenatal testosterone hormone can affect soccer performance. Researchers discovered that today’s soccer game is more dynamic than previous types of soccer. The efficiency of skills is typically dependent on early decision making. The previous researchers have discussed new ways and methods for improving soccer performance. Since the issue is so extensive, the present researcher believes that more scientific research on soccer’s trend and development is required

Characterization of counterion effects of gemini surfactants and in vitro studies of transfection efficiency for gene therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment or prevention of many acquired or genetic diseases that are considered incurable at the present time. Although viral and non-viral vector approaches are the major techniques employed for somatic gene transfer, non-viral vectors (cationic liposomes, dendrimers, chitosans, polymers & surfactants) have attracted great interest recently, due to their unique properties. A number of non-viral carriers have been extensively investigated and developed in recent years for targeted drug delivery or gene therapy in various pre-clinical/clinical trials. Despite this, the quest for new non-viral carriers with improved transfection and low toxicity is still proceeding, driven by a need to overcome safety concerns associated with viral vectors. Of the non-viral vectors, an intriguing class of building blocks which has elicited extensive interest are the third generation di-cationic surfactants: a class of bis-surfactants called “gemini surfactants (GSs)”. The interest is due to their unique self-assembly, hundredfold lower CMC (compared to their monomeric counterparts), thousand-fold improved surface activity, and ability to form a rich array of aggregate morphologies. In this project, the effect of various inorganic and organic counterions on micellization was studied and analyzed at air–water surfaces as well as in bulk solutions. Additionally, the size & zeta potential of the nanoparticles, and the in vitro transfection efficiency studies in human ovarian cancer cell lines were also analysed to investigate the dominant influence of the anions on the aggregation behavior and DNA delivery efficiency of eight surfactants of the ethanediyl-α,ω-bis-(dimethylhexadecyl-ammonium) type, [C16H33(CH3)2-N-(CH2)2-N-(CH3)2C16H33].2X– referred to as gemini 16-2-16; where X refers to the counterion were studied. Counterions of chloride (Cl–), bromide (Br–), ½ malate (C4H4O5– –), ½ tartrate (C4H4O6– –), adenosine mono phosphate, AMP (C10H13N5O7P–), guanosine mono phosphate, GMP (C10H13N5O8P–), cytidine mono phosphate, CMP (C9H13N3O8P–), and uridine mono phosphate, UMP (C9H12N2O9P–) were investigated and were classified into three different categories depending on their nature: (1) small inorganic counterions [chloride (Cl–), and bromide (Br–)] taken from the Hofmeister series were studied to focus on the effect of ion type; (2) Hydroxy-alkyl di-carboxylate counterions [malate (C4H4O5– –), and tartrate (C4H4O6– –)] were studied to focus on the effect of the hydrophilicity of counterions; and (3) heterocyclic ring containing nucleotide mono phosphate counterions were included to focus on mainly self-assembly and other parameters. We demonstrate the influence of different anions associated with this 16-2-16 series of gemini by analyzing the effect of counterions on the micellization and aggregation behavior of these gemini surfactants, characterized by determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC), degree of micelle ionization (α), and free energy of micellization (ΔGM) and are discussed in terms of the hydrophilicity of anions, counterion hydration, interfacial packing of ions, and ionic morphology. Our results clearly revealed that a counterion effect on micellization and aggregate morphology, attributed to the balancing and controlling forces of the counterions to the surfactant itself. Hydrogen bonding among the –OH groups of the counterions (where applicable) and water molecules, as well as the strong hydrophobic interaction among the hydrocarbon side chains is postulated to be the main origins for the unique aggregation behaviors of these gemini surfactants. These amphiphiles can form both micelles and vesicles spontaneously with a micelle-to-vesicle transition at a concentration above the respective CMC. Furthermore, the size & zeta potential characterizations along with the in vitro transfection data manifest the significant impact of counterions on the GSs as therapeutic drug delivery carrier. Our transfection efficiency (TE) data also demonstrated that the surface charge density of the particles formed by the GSs is the predominant factor for cellular uptake and consequent TE of the respective GSs

Impact of Basel II on Bank Portfolios in Australia

This paper analyses the sensitivity of various risk-weighted assets and liabilities to regulatory capital ratios of domestic and foreign banks in Australia. In particular, this paper investigates whether the growth of various risk-weighted assets changes during the post-Basel II period and whether those changes are caused by the more rigorous capital regulation introduced by the Basel II. The empirical analysis shows that Australian local banks is found to experience a substantial increase of the high-risk weighted assets (namely, non-residential loans) and subordinated debt with respect to their tier 1 capital ratio. The same changes, however, are found to have insignificant influence on the growth of low-risk weighted assets and total asset. Keywords: Regulatory capital; Basel II; Bank; Australia DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-5-0

STRETCHING AND FLEXIBILITY: A RANGE OF MOTION FOR GAMES AND SPORTS

Flexibility is understood as the range of motion of a joint. Specifically, structured stretching exercises are used to improve flexibility. Exercising stretching is commonly practiced before any athletic activity takes place. To avoid sport injury, the range of motion is maintained, and muscle strength requires regular flexibility training. The present study, on the whole, reviews the respective literature sources. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to uphold the types and nature of stretching that produces the flexibility required for the performance of games and sports. Researchers collected scientific evidence through online databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Google Advance Search and also searched sensibly via offline sources: recognized journals, articles, books, theses, and related literatures. After analyzing the stretching and flexibility in detail the authors suggested some specific stretchings that centered not just on flexibility but also on strength, balance and core stability. Through the discussion, the muscle is reported to be stretched properly, the underlying joints are made more flexible, and the range of motion is increased. Article visualizations

Determinants of Male Internal Migration in Bangladesh: Is Due to Services Matter?

Migration is a common process where people move rural to urban area for better livelihood. The aim of this study is exploring the factors of rural to urban migration in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sylhet City Corporation and 120 migrants were selected through two stage cluster sampling technique. Social survey method was used to collect the data from the respondents. Binary logistic regression was applied to determine the factors related to male migration due to services. The results show that level of education is positively associated with male migration due to services. The results also show that income, occupation before migration, family types also effects cause of migration due to services. Keywords: Rural-urban migration, Determinants, Migration status, Banglades

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY AND ACCURACY OF SOCCER SHOOTING PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG PLAYERS

Soccer is an intermittent sport in which players require an ultimate level of physical fitness. On the pitch, repeated sprint capability fulfills the physical fitness demands. Shooting accuracy is a significant attacking skill and occurs repeatedly in a match. The purpose of the present study was to know repeated sprint ability and its relationship with accuracy of soccer shooting performance of Bangladeshi young players. The study was carried out in 70 male soccer players aged between 16 to 19 years. Accuracy of soccer shooting and repeated sprint ability assessed using Loughbrough soccer shooting test and repeated sprint ability test. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation of coefficient and multiple regression equation. The moderate relationship was found between repeated sprint ability and accuracy of soccer shooting except sprint decrement rate. It is recommended that a proper training schedule must be arranged and implemented to develop the accuracy of shooing performance. Therefore, while selecting soccer players for the team repeated sprint ability would also be taken into consideration along with the soccer technique and skills.  Article visualizations

Determination of Traffic Induced Noise Pollution and its Impact on City Dwellers in the Chittagong City Area

Chittagong, the port city of Bangladesh, is one of the nosiest cities of the country. Extreme noise is very inimical for human health and environment. Noise pollution implies a discomfort and restlessness caused to humans by unwanted high intensity sound. Motorized traffic is one of the major sources of producing noise in Chittagong city. The present paper deals with determining the level of the noise pollution in Chittagong city area and its impact on city dwellers. In this study noise levels have been measured with digital sound level meter at eight different places of Chittagong city from 6:00 am to 9:00 pm during working days. Time weighted average noise level has been measured at the road side. The data have been analyzed to compute the average, maximum and minimum noise level in decibel (dB) with respect to traffic volume. From the study it was observed that the highest noise level in the road side in Chittagong city was 112 dB found at New Market and 2 No gate traffic area, which for exceeded the acceptable limit of 60 dB set by the Government of Bangladesh and minimum sound level 67 dB was recorded at GEC traffic area. The highest average value is 109.66 dB found at 2 No gate traffic area and lowest average value is 68.7 dB found at GEC traffic area. Questionnaire survey was done during the study to determine the health impact on the city dwellers. Most of the common problems, the dwellers suffering from noise pollution are headache, bed temper, sleeplessness, aggravation, hearing problems etc

A MARKET MODEL FOR WATERMELON WITH SUPPLY UNDER RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON BANGLADESH

The aim of this paper is to know the cultural practices and market model of watermelon in Bangladesh. The paper also attempts to identify the best model that may be used for forecasting purpose. Three models namely Naive, Cobweb and Rational Expectations (RE) have been considered by using time series agricultural data for a period of 2001/02 to 2012/13. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) estimation procedures have been used for estimation purpose. Reliable parameter estimates of the Naive, Cobweb and RE model with minimum standard errors, high explanatory power have been obtained in this research. Comparing all the models the RE is the best model, because most of the signs are expected and the results are plausible

The Role of Microcredit Program on Women Empowerment: Empirical Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

The empowerment of women is the burning issues in developing countries. This study examined the impact of micro-credit on the empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh. A total of 120 respondents were selected as sample using stratified random sampling technique on Tuker bazar Union Parishad under Sylhet Sadar Upazilla in Sylhet district, Bangladesh and data was collected through face to face interview by using survey method. The women empowerment was measured by five dimensions .These dimension were (1) economic decision making, (2) household decision making,(3) freedom of  physical movement, (4) ownership of property,(5) political and social awareness. OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression was applied to understand the effects of microcredit program on each dimension of women empowerment and aggregate women empowerment. The results showed that microcredit program was positively associated with each dimension of women empowerment as well as aggregate measure of Empowerment. So, this study reveals that microcredit program improves the women empowerment in Bangladesh. Keywords: Microcredit, Empowerment, Effects, Rural Women, Bangladesh

The impact of board gender composition on loan covenant violations

Research Question/Issue We examine the role of board gender diversity in attenuating loan covenant violations. We also investigate whether the relationship is influenced by female independent directors. Finally, we examine the channels of this relationship. Research Findings/Insights Drawing on gender socialization and diversity theories, our findings show that firms with gender-diverse boards are less likely to violate loan covenants. We also find that boards with more female directors have a stronger impact on loan covenant violations than those with fewer female directors, consistent with critical mass theory. Our results also suggest that the negative relationship stems from female independent directors rather than from female executive directors. Our channel analyses indicate that the relationship is routed through covenant strictness, the financial performance of firms, and better corporate governance. Our further analysis demonstrates that the relationship is pronounced in female-dominated industries and financially distressed firms, as well as in firms whose directors have greater experience. Our results are robust across a series of sensitivity and endogeneity tests. Theoretical/Academic Implications We contribute to an emerging strand of literature that examines the link between board gender diversity and loan covenants. We fill a gap in this stream of literature by providing the first empirical evidence that female directors in the boardroom reduce loan covenant violations through their greater integrative bargaining skills during loan deals, improving firm financial performance, and ensuring good corporate governance. Our study also contributes to the growing literature on the differential effects on corporate policies of female directors (independent and executive) and critical mass. Practitioner/Policy Implications This finding offers significant policy implications for managers, investors, and policymakers. Given the growing frequency of loan covenant violations, the presence of a gender-diverse board should serve as a potent indicator to creditors who have a concern regarding loans. In addition, our study adds to the ongoing debate regarding the business case of board gender diversity