The Sufis of Delhi, being the Kalimat al-Sadiqin of Muhammad Sadiq Dihlawi Kashmiri Kamadani

The present thesis has been writ ten under the supervision of Dr S.A.A. Rizvi who vent through the draft manuscript and suggested several invaluable improvements. My discussions with him have always been revealing and rewarding and I have benefited immensely from his profound scholarship and deep insight into the vagaries and vicissitudes of Indian history. Besides, by placing his personal library at my disposal, he has put me under a heavy debt of gratitude. The cooperation and understanding that he extended to me during my stay in Canberra I will always gratefully remember. I would also like to thank Professor A.L . Basham who, despite his very busy schedule before his departure for Mexico, took the trouble to read a substantial portion of the Annotations and favoured me with his extremely interesting and instructive queries and comments. Needless to say, his interest in my work and welfare has always been a source of inspiration to me

Current trends in the treatment of hepatitis C

Viral hepatitis, an inflammatory liver disease, is caused by various genotypes of hepatitis C viruses (HCV). Hepatitis C slowly sprouts into fibrosis, which progresses to cirrhosis. Over a prolonged period of time compensated cirrhosis can advance to decompensated cirrhosis culminating in hepatic failure and death. Conventional treatment of HCV involves the administration of interferons. However, association of interferon with the adverse drug reactions led to the development of novel anti-HCV drugs given as monotherapy or in combination with the other drugs. Advances in drug delivery systems (DDS) improved the pharmacokinetic profile and stability of drugs, ameliorated tissue damages on extravasation and increased the targeting of affected sites. Liposomes and lipid based vehicles have been employed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) so as to stabilize the formulations as PEG drug complex. Sofosbuvir, a novel anti-HCV drug, is administered as monotherapy or in combination with daclatasvir, ledipasivir, protease inhibitors, ribavirin and interferon for the treatment of HCV genotypes 1, 2 and 3. These drug combinations are highly effective in eradicating the interferon resistance, recurrent HCV infection in liver transplant, concurrent HIV infection and preventing interferon related adverse effects. Further investigations to improve drug targeting and identification of new drug targets are highly warranted due to the rapid emergence of drug resistance in HCV

Sind under the Mughuls : an introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Maẓhar-i Shāhjahānī of Yūsuf Mīrak (1044/1634)

Started as a simple translation of the second half of the Mazhar-i Shahjahani a matchless compendium on the working of the Mughul administration in Sind, the present thesis has developed into an exhaustive history of relations between the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sind and the Great Mughul of India from the days of Timur down to the reign of Jahangir. The thesis comprises three parts: Introduction, Translation of the second half of the Mazhar-i. Shahjahani, and the Commentary. The Introduction consists of three Sections. Section I traces the origin of the Arghuns, their rise to power in Qandahar, their conflicts with Babur and in doing so sheds significant light on the number, nature and duration of the latter's campaigns against that important Arghun stronghold prior to his triumphant advent into Hindustan. The later part of this Section deals with the Arghun rule in Sind, Humáyün's wanderings in this region, the mutual rivalries of the successors of Mirza Shah Hasan Arghün, division of Sind into two independent principalities of Bhakkar and Thatta and their subsequent absorption into the Mughul Empire. Section II of the Introduction deals at length with the details about the author and his family, while Section III seeks to evaluate the importance of the Mazhar-i. Shahjahani among the histories of Sind and the 'Mirrors for Princes' written in India, particularly for or under the Great Mughuls. To facilitate the finding of answers to the questions arising from the study of the Translation and to compensate for the absence of an elaborate index, the Introduction has been divided into convenient sub-sections. The Translation is based upon the only surviving (author's autograph) MS. 7743 of the Mazhar-i Shahjahani preserved in the Library of the Punjab University, Lahore. While the commonly known administrative terms, & c., have been retained in their original form, the unfamiliar technical terms, words and phrases have been rendered into English, but their Persian versions have been placed alongside in brackets. Those of the abstruse terms and expressions which could not be found in standard lexicographical works, they were resolved on the analogy of their usage by other writers of Persian historical works in India. The Commentary treats of all types of important points pertaining to the Translation. The number on the left hand side of the colon at the beginning of each explanation refers to the page of the Translation, while the one on the right hand side indicates the line where that particular point occurs. The biographies of the historical personages, & c., have been written very painstakingly and could be of immense value in the compilation of a comprehensive history of Sind, whenever that comes to he written. The Introduction and Commentary also have the merit of being a comparative study of the contemporary and secondary sources on the history of Sind, and even a cursory glance through the foot-notes is enough to show their thoroughness. They underline the importance of critical edition of the original historical texts before they are translated into any other language. They also bring out the necessity of fusion between the knowledge of Persian and a certain degree of training as historian before one can undertake the edition or translation of a historical text on scientific grounds. In the execution of this enterprise, the present writer has not infrequently disagreed with his precursors. In criticising their works, to which he himself owes tremendously, he was inspired by the same lofty ideals which prompted Hodivala to undertake the writing of the Studies in Indo-Muslim History and the idea of discrediting or disparaging them never crossed his mind because he was more than anybody else conscious of the fact that Hama chlz kamagán ddnand oca kamagán kanüz az madaA na záda and ('It is the whole of mankind that knows everything, and the whole of mankind has not yet been born'). Nevertheless, the pursuit of the truth transcended all considerations and no pain was considered too great to reach to the facts

Successful completion of pregnancy after mustard procedure for transposition of great arteries: A rare case from the developing world

Surgical repair of transposition of great arteries has undergone various evolutionary changes over the years. The initial of these treatment options was atrial septectomy followed by atrial switch and the current preferred treatment option is arterial switch operation worldwide. Due to various reasons, like lack of medical and surgical expertise atrial switch operation was commonly in practice in developing countries until few years back. Pregnancy in a patient with history of atrial switch operation poses a unique haemodynamic challenge. We report the case of a successful pregnancy in a 26 years old lady who had undergone Mustard repair surgery in the past in Pakistan

Cardiac involvement in kawasaki disease in Pakistani children

Introduction: Coronary artery involvement is the most dreaded long-term complication of Kawasaki disease. Our aim was to look at the pattern of cardiovascular involvement in Pakistani children admitted with Kawasaki disease.Methods: This study included children admitted with Kawasaki disease at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi over a period of 14 years from January 1997 to December 2010. Information gathered included patient demographics, clinical features, investigations, echocardiographic findings, treatment and follow-up. Those with coronary artery involvement on initial echocardiogram remained on long-term follow-up with clinical examination and echocardiogram.Results: A total of 56 patients were admitted. (Mean age at diagnosis 33 ± 30 months, age range 2 months to 9 years). 18% of patients had incomplete features. Twenty-five percent (14/56) patients presented after 10 days of fever. Cardiac examination was normal except for tachycardia. Abnormal coronary arteries were seen in 23 patients (41%) - left main coronary artery in 23 (41%), left anterior descending and right main coronary artery in 20 (36%), circumflex branch in 17 (30%). Risk factors for cardiac involvement were male sex, fever \u3e10 days duration at the time of initial presentation and neutrophil percentage \u3e75% in the initial white blood cell counts. Fifty four of 56 cases received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), Seventy-five percent of the patients received IVIG within 10 days of illness. Mean duration of follow-up was 2.5 years. Eight percent of the patients still continue to have abnormal coronaries. There was no mortality.Conclusions: A higher incidence of coronary artery involvement was found in our study. Presentation after 10 days of illness increases the risk of coronary artery involvement. High index of suspicion among the general pediatricians about the disease can possibly be helpful for early referral and treatment

Consumers' Adoption of Apparel Fashion: The Role of Innovativeness, Involvement, and Social Values

Fashion adoption is concerned with how consumers accept a prevailing style during a particular time. Fashion is accepted by the consumers and influences their behavior in many ways. It is one of the strongest drivers to influence and motivate their intention to buy and adopt new products. Either through advertisement and promotion of brands or through endorsement of celebrities, companies motivate consumers of different socioeconomic backgrounds to follow the new fashion trends and buy their products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that compel consumers to adopt apparel fashion in Pakistan. It has been investigated that, how and why different factors i.e., Fashion innovativeness, Consumer innovativeness, Fashion involvement, Opinion leadership, and Status, influence consumers’ intention to adopt new apparel fashion and how that intention influence their actual fashion adoption. Total 500 questionnaires were distributed among the respondents in different places (i.e., shopping plazas or malls, public places such as bus stops, playgrounds, and inside the educational institutions, in the cities of Islamabad and Lahore, Pakistan. Out of the total, only 332 (66.4%) questionnaires were retrieved. The regression test and the model fit results using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that, except fashion innovativeness, and consumer innovativeness, the fashion involvement, opinion leadership and status of consumers positively influence their intention to adopt new fashion. However, Intention to adopt has no significant effect on the consumers’ actual adoption of fashionable clothes. The positive and negative effects are discussed accordingly. In the light of the results and findings, the implications and future research recommendations are also debated at the end.© 2014 The Authors. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Comparison of Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine versus Bupivacaine Alone in Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Post-Operative Analgesia

Objective: To study the effects of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in transverses abdominis plane block in comparison with using bupivacaine alone. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective comparative study that was conducted in the Anaesthesia Department, CMH, Lahore over a period of six months from 1st June 2020 to 30th November 2020. Fifty patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologist Class I and II with an age range between 40 to 60 years were divided into two groups. Group B received 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 2ml of normal saline on each side in the transversus abdominis plane block while group BD was given 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5mcg/kg on each side (in a volume of 2ml). Post-operative pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Rescue analgesia was given when a score of greater than 3 was observed using this scale. Time to first rescue analgesia was noted. Total opioid consumption in the first 24 hours was also recorded. Patients were observed for postoperative hypotension and bradycardia.Results: The mean-time for the first dose of analgesia for group B and BD was 302.92 ± 24.01 and 419.28 ± 31.97 minutes respectively with a p-value of 0.001. The mean of the total consumption of opioids in 24 hours post-operatively for group B and BD was 14.20±2.36 and 10.40±1.38 mg respectively with a p-value of 0.001. Hypotension was not seen in any patient in either group. Only one patient developed bradycardia and he belonged to group BD. P-value was 0.327.Conclusion: The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine for transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia and reduces the postoperative opioid requirements

A Study on Head Teachers Interpersonal Relations in Teachers Enthusiasm towards Job at Secondary Level

The study was conducted to determine the impact of head teachers’ interpersonal relations in teachers’ enthusiasm towards job at secondary school level. Population of the study was comprised of head teachers, secondary school teachers, and students of secondary classes. Sample of the study consisted of 250 respondents including 10 head teachers, 40 secondary school teachers and 200 students of secondary classes with the equal ratio from urban and rural areas. Random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample. 22The questionnaire was used as research tool for data collection based on different head teachers’ behaviours. After ensuring validity and reliability of research tools, desired data were collected. The collected data were analyzed by using relevant descriptive statistics through SPSS-21such as frequency, percentage, standard deviation etc. The study found that secondary school teachers were highly motivated in democratic behaviour, mostly in achievement oriented behaviour and then in situational behaviour but least motivated under lassies-fair and authoritarian managerial behavior. The study revealed that head teachers’ management interpersonal relations’ have significant contribution to the teachers’ job satisfaction. Head teachers should apply management interpersonal relations that cause to enhance teachers’ job satisfaction and enthusiasm