Impact of Performance Appraisal Politics on Work Outcome: Multidimensional Role of Intrinsic Motivation and Job Satisfaction

The current study focus on performance politics regarding appraisal in order to analyze the performance of employees, to interpret job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee’s turnover in the banking sector of Pakistan. At the same time, employees’ intrinsic motivation and satisfaction will were investigated as possible mediators. For this purpose, data was collected from the selected sample of various bank employees across different districts in KPK and Islamabad. Data was analyzed through exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS & AMOS software. Results indicate that the relationship between performance appraisal politics (PALP) and employee’s commitment level is negative and significant, while performance appraisal politics is positively and significantly associated with turnover intentions. Interestingly, the relationship between job performance politics and job satisfaction was insignificant. In order to validate the meditational affect (Baron & Kenny, 1986) meditational technique was applied. Since the relationship between PAPL (Performance Appraisal Politics) and job satisfaction is found to be insignificant; hence, it is concluded that job satisfaction could not mediate the relationship between PAPL and turnover intention. In the proceeding step, the relationship between PAPL and turnover intention was checked with intrinsic motivation as a mediator. It was concluded that intrinsic motivation strongly mediated the relationship between PAPL and TRI. Based on the findings of the current study, future direction, managerial implication and limitations are also provided in the last section.&nbsp

Investigando a degradação fotocatalítica aprimorada do azul de bromofenol usando nanopartículas de óxido de Estrôncio co-dopadas com Ni/Zn sintetizadas pelo método hidrotérmico

Excessive exposure of human to organic contaminants from industrial effluents calls for the implementation of effective pollutants removal techniques. This article investigates the photocatalytic degradation of bromophenol blue dye using Strontium oxide nanoparticles co-doped with Nickel and Zinc. Hydrothermal synthesis produced the nanoparticles, which were subsequently characterized using various analytical techniques. UV/Visible revealed absorption peaks at 294 nm, 306 nm, 311 nm, and 318 nm, while FTIR spectroscopy identified stretching peaks at 416 cm-1, 588 cm-1, and 856 cm-1 for Ni-O and Sr-O bonds. The nanoparticles displayed diameters ranging from 30.50 nm to 36.97 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition, with Sr and O comprising of approximately 82.02 %, and Ni and Zn approximately 3.21%. Photocatalytic degradation experiments demonstrated that SrO nanoparticles 85.42% degradation efficiency, while co-doped SrO nanoparticles achieved an impressive 97.97% degradation efficiency. This work highlights the potential co-doped SrO nanoparticles as a promising solution for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from the industrial wastewater, addressing environment contamination concerns.La exposición humana excesiva a los contaminantes orgánicos de los efluentes industriales requiere la implementación de técnicas efectivas de eliminación de contaminantes. Este artículo investiga la degradación fotocatalítica del colorante azul de bromofenol utilizando nanopartículas de óxido de estroncio co-dopadas con níquel y zinc. La síntesis hidrotermal produjo las nanopartículas, que luego se caracterizaron utilizando diversas técnicas analíticas. UV/Visible reveló picos de absorción a 294 nm, 306 nm, 311 nm y 318 nm, mientras que la espectroscopia FTIR identificó picos de elongación a 416 cm-1, 588 cm-1 y 856 cm-1 para Ni-O y Sr- Los títulos. Las nanopartículas tenían diámetros que oscilaban entre 30,50 nm y 36,97 nm. El análisis EDX confirmó la composición elemental, con Sr y O comprendiendo aproximadamente el 82,02 %, y Ni y Zn aproximadamente el 3,21 %. Los experimentos de degradación fotocatalítica mostraron que las nanopartículas de SrO mostraron una eficiencia de degradación del 85,42 %, mientras que las nanopartículas de SrO co-dopadas lograron una impresionante eficiencia de degradación del 97,97 %. Este trabajo destaca las posibles nanopartículas de SrO co-dopadas como una solución prometedora para la eliminación eficiente de contaminantes orgánicos de las aguas residuales industriales, abordando los problemas de contaminación ambiental.A exposição excessiva de humanos a contaminantes orgânicos de efluentes industriais exige a implementação de técnicas eficazes de remoção de poluentes. Este artigo investiga a degradação fotocatalítica do corante azul de bromofenol usando nanopartículas de óxido de Estrôncio co-dopadas com Níquel e Zinco. A síntese hidrotérmica produziu as nanopartículas, que foram posteriormente caracterizadas usando várias técnicas analíticas. UV/Visível revelou picos de absorção em 294 nm, 306 nm, 311 nm e 318 nm, enquanto a espectroscopia FTIR identificou picos de alongamento em 416 cm-1, 588 cm-1 e 856 cm-1 para Ni-O e Sr-O títulos. As nanopartículas apresentaram diâmetros variando de 30,50 nm a 36,97 nm. A análise EDX confirmou a composição elementar, com Sr e O compreendendo aproximadamente 82,02%, e Ni e Zn aproximadamente 3,21%. Experimentos de degradação fotocatalítica demonstraram que as nanopartículas de SrO apresentam 85,42% de eficiência de degradação, enquanto as nanopartículas de SrO co-dopadas alcançaram uma impressionante eficiência de degradação de 97,97%. Este trabalho destaca os potenciais nanopartículas de SrO co-dopadas como uma solução promissora para a remoção eficiente de poluentes orgânicos de águas residuais industriais, abordando as preocupações de contaminação do meio ambiente

Relationship between Performance Appraisal Politics, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention.

Most of the studies define organizational commitment as commitment specifically targeted towards the organization as an administrative entity. Organizational commitment has been found both as an antecedent and consequence of number of work related variables. Numerous research articles show that organizational commitment is the consequence of personal variables, work environment variable and as predictor of absenteeism, performance and turnover. Going through the literature on organizational commitment consequences, scholar strongly believes that the strongest and most predictable behavioral outcome of the employee commitment is reduced turnover. The focus of this research was to study and examine the effects of performance appraisal politics . organizational commitment and turnover intentions. The population for this research was defined as pharmaceutical marketing firms (private sector) of Pakistan,  including  national  and  multinational  firms.  Data  was  collected  from 10 pharmaceutical firms (both national and multinational). A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and out of those, 270 complete questionnaires were gathered, hence depicting a response rate of 90 %. This  study  examined  the  effects  of  performance  appraisal  politics  on  organizational commitment,  and turnover intention. Initially the perceptions of appraisal politics was viewed as single general variable, but after factor analysis of the items used to assess the variables, resulted in two independent factors.i.e one linked to political motives that benefit employees and other is linked to personal bias and punishment motive.   KEY WORDS; Organizational commitment, Turnover intentions, Performance appraisal politic

Perception of job Performance appraisals toward Turnover intention and Job Satisfaction.

Performance appraisal has been widely recognized as an integral part of the Human Resource  Management  process.  This recognition has been accompanied by numerous publications, both academic and practitioner oriented, that concentrate solely on this issue Performance Appraisal has been widely recognized as an integral part of the Human Resource Management process. This recognition has been accompanied by numerous publications, both Academic and practioner-oriented, that concentrates solely on this issue (Eberhardt & Pooyan, 1988; Bernardin & Beatty, 1984; Carroll & Schneier, 1982; DeVries, Morrison, Shullman & Gerlach, 1981; Henderson, 1981; Latham & Wexley, 1981). Also, Performance Appraisal is often considered one of the most important Human Resource practices (Kuvaas, 2006; Boswell & Boudreau (2000); Judge & Ferris, 1993) and one of the more heavily researched topics in work psychology (Kuvaas, 2006; Fletcher, 2002). However, the traditional research agenda has done little to improve the usefulness of Performance Appraisal as a managerial tool. KEY WORDS; Performance appraisal, Human Resource Management process

Formulation development and characterization of quercetin loaded poly caprolactone nanoparticles for tumors

Cancer is a formidable health obstacle, characterized by its bleak outlook. Considerable scientific investigation has shed light on the capacity to modify the dispersion of anticancer medications at various levels within tissues and cells by enclosing them within submicronic colloidal systems, often known as nanoparticles. This approach is based on the goal of enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of these medications while minimizing adverse effects on the entire body. Moreover, the theragnostic characteristics of these nanoparticles are widely acknowledged, hence enhancing their therapeutic potential. The current study is centered on exploring the potential anti-tumor effects of quercetin by utilizing its antioxidant capabilities. The quercetin nanoparticles are synthesized with great precision utilizing the nanoprecipitation approach, in which poly(caprolactone) is utilized as the polymer matrix. Following synthesis, the nanoparticles are extracted for further analysis. Further attempts are undertaken to enhance the drug loading process, and the resultant nanoparticles undergo a thorough analysis, including the examination of their morphology using scanning electron microscopy, and the evaluation of drug-polymer interactions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The remarkable efficacy of quercetin's envelopment can be attributed to its lipophilic nature, reaching a maximum of 81%. The utilization of scanning electron microscopy allows for the observation of nanoparticles with varying forms. Conversely, the absence of noticeable interactions in Fourier-transform infrared analysis indicates the stability of poly(caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with quercetin

Soil Water Release Curves : Indicator to Suit Sustainable Cropping Scheme under Sloppy Rain-Fed Climatic Conditions of Pothowar Plateau of Punjab-Pakistan

In arid environment, limitations of crop productivity could be improved by soil management practices like soil conservation measures, tillage and reducing slopes through terracing on different cropping patterns. These patterns include area as Wheat-Maize (WMCP) and Wheat-Fodder (WFCP) in Kahuta (high rainfall climatic area), Wheat-Millet-Fallow (WMFCP) and Wheat- Millet-Lentil (WMLCP) in Khairimurat (medium rainfall climatic area) and Wheat-Fallow (WFCP) and Fallow-Groundnut (FGCP) in Pindi Gheb (low rainfall climatic area). In areas that have more crop water requirements the yield of these crops has been affected when the drought prevails. Our results evidenced that more average soil water content (ASWC) was available in high to medium height terraces in WMCP and low to medium in WFCP of Kahuta area. ASWC remained more in high to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Khairimurat during September. ASWC remained more in low to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Pindi Gheb during September and December. Equidistantly, soil water release curve also indicated that medium rainfall sites had more plant water availability as compared to high and low rainfall sites. Yield relationship to plant water availability revealed significance for intrusion of modified cropping patterns rather than existing cropping patterns on sustained basis. Finally, our study suggests that cropping patterns of high and low rainfall areas should adjusted by growing low water requirement crops in summer seasons to cope the drought period for the sustainability of agriculture under rainfed climatic conditions. Keywords : cropping patterns, Pothowar Plateau, soil water contents, soil water release curve, sloppy land

Mineralization of Organic Residues, Dynamics of Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in an Aridisol and Alfisol Soil under Rain-Fed Dry Farming

This study was planned with hypothesis to quantify mineralization rate of wheat and groundnut straw spiked in Kahuta and Guliana soil series. Results revealed that groundnut and wheat strawspiked soils had increased quantum of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), biomass nitrogen (Nmic) and biomass phosphorous (Pmic) and activities of enzyme dehydrogenase (DHA) and alkaline phosphatase (APA) than un-amended soils. Initially, the contents of soil Cmic, Nmic, Pmic, DHA, and APA increased gradually during 2-14th days of incubation (DAI), again increased significantly at 28th DAI and then decreased slowly at 60th DAI in all treatments under both series. Hence, the addition of groundnut straw mineralized better than to other organic sources in both soil series.  These results suggested that groundnut straw must be incorporated in soil one month before sowing of crop to enhance crop yield under rain-fed dry farming.Key words: Crop Residues, Microbial Biomass, Soil Enzymes, Aridisol, Alfisol