Do Imports and Foreign Capital Inflows Lead Economic Growth? Cointegration and Causality Analysis in Pakistan

The paper investigates the effects of imports and foreign capital inflows on economic growth in case of Pakistan over the period of 1990Q1-2008Q4. We have applied ARDL bounds testing approach to examine the long run relationship and investigated the direction of causality by using VECM multivariate framework. Our analysis confirms the long run relationship between imports, foreign capital inflows and economic growth. The results show that imports and foreign capital inflows have positive and significant effect on the economic growth of Pakistan. Causality analysis reveals bidirectional causal association among the variables, but strong causality is found from imports and foreign capital inflows to real GDP.Imports, FDI, Growth, Pakistan

The dynamic of financial development, imports, foreign direct investment and economic growth: cointegration and causality analysis in Pakistan

The paper investigates the effect of financial development, imports and foreign direct investment (FDI) on output in case of Pakistan over the period of 1990-2008 using quarterly data set. ARDL bounds testing approach is applied to examine the long run relationship and the direction of causality is investigated by using VECM framework. Our findings confirm the existence of cointegration, showing long run relation between financial development, imports, FDI and real GDP. Financial development, imports and FDI have positive and significant effect on the output of the country. Causality analysis reveals bidirectional relation among the variables but strong causality is also running from financial development, economic growth and FDI to real imports.Financial Development, Imports, FDI, Economic Growth

Impact of economic growth and financial development on exports: Cointegration and causality analysis in Pakistan

The analysis shows cointegration between exports, economic growth and financial development in case of Pakistan. The results that economic growth and financial development stimulate rate of exports growth in Pakistan. The causality analysis reveals bidirectional causal relationship between financial development and economic growth, financial development and exports and exports and economic growth in case of Pakistan.Economic growth, financial development, Cointegration, Pakistan

Rancang Bangun Keamanan Jaringan Wired dan Wireless LAN Berbasis Protokol 802.1x dan Sertifikat Di SMP N 1 Jaten

Teknologi semakin maju perkembangan jaringan internet juga berkembang semakin pesat, sekarang sudah bermunculan jaringan internet berbasis wireless yang bisa digunakan secara mobile tidak terbatas ruang. Perawatan perangkat juga tergolong murah dan biaya kepemilikan juga menurun. Namun dari semua kemudahan yang diperoleh dari jaringan tersebut terdapat kelemahan dalam infrastruktur jaringan wireless tersebut. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai penulis dalam penyusunan skripsi ini adalah mewujudkan keamanan jaringan wired dan wireless LAN agar lebih baik dan aman di SMP Negeri 1 Jaten. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan dua metode untuk melakukan penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode literatur yaitu metode mengumpulkan informasi melalui buku skripsi dan internet, metode yang kedua adalah metode eksperimen yaitu metode mencoba dalam melakukan konfigurasi Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah sebuah sistem keamanan jaringan wired dan wireless dengan menggunakan metode keamanan jaringan protokol 802.1x berbasis radius dengan sertifikat dengan sistem operasi windows server 2003

Upazila Parishad in Bangladesh: Roles and Functions of Elected Representatives and Bureaucrats

This study explores whether democratic Upazila Parishads in Bangladesh have become more responsive to those who elected them and whether people's expectations about their elected representatives and their functions to their elected have changed. The study carried out in eight Upazilas from seven Divisions in Bangladesh. The study has found that Upazila Parishads in Bangladesh with democratically elected representatives have largely failed to enhance their rapport with people. The recently implemented mandatory advisory role for the members of the parliament (MPs) has complicated the role of the local government and the interference by MPs in local government affairs has weakened the independence of local government. The findings of this study reveal that awareness is low, and that only 30% of respondents were concerned about the roles and functions of the Upazila Parishad. The data reveals that though the local citizens think that they are knowledgeable about the roles and functions of elected representatives and bureaucrats in reality many remain unaware of the roles and functions

Exploiting Lack of Hardware Reciprocity for Sender-Node Authentication at the PHY Layer

This paper proposes to exploit the so-called reciprocity parameters (modelling non-reciprocal communication hardware) to use them as decision metric for binary hypothesis testing based authentication framework at a receiver node Bob. Specifically, Bob first learns the reciprocity parameters of the legitimate sender Alice via initial training. Then, during the test phase, Bob first obtains a measurement of reciprocity parameters of channel occupier (Alice, or, the intruder Eve). Then, with ground truth and current measurement both in hand, Bob carries out the hypothesis testing to automatically accept (reject) the packets sent by Alice (Eve). For the proposed scheme, we provide its success rate (the detection probability of Eve), and its performance comparison with other schemes

STUDENTS' DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING ENGLISH AT SDN 5 MENTAWA BARU HILIR, SAMPIT

Although English is of vital significance in the Indonesian educational system, many students still find it difficult to study it, which is frequently blamed on a lack of interest and knowledge. This study looks into the challenges students at SDN 5 Mentawa Baru Hilir in Sampit face as they learn English. It aims to understand these difficulties and the solutions students use to deal with them. This study reveals the significant challenges faced by students at SDN 5 Mentawa Baru Hilir, Sampit, using a descriptive qualitative research design that includes surveys, interviews, and classroom observations. These difficulties include uneven teacher skill levels, a lack of immersive language environments, and restricted access to high-quality learning resources. Additionally, socioeconomic and cultural factors greatly impact how well students learn languages. By tackling these challenges head-on, the educational community can work to improve the standard of English language instruction at SDN 5 Mentawa Baru Hilir, Sampit, and ultimately foster greater success among its students