How to Solve the Fronthaul Traffic Congestion Problem in H-CRAN?

The design of efficient wireless fronthaul connections for future heterogeneous networks incorporating emerging paradigms such as heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) has become a challenging task that requires the most effective utilization of fronthaul network resources. In this paper, we propose and analyze possible solutions to facilitate the fronthaul traffic congestion in the scenario of Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) for 5G cellular traffic which is expected to reach ZetaByte by 2017. In particular, we propose to use distributed compression to reduce the fronthaul traffic for H-CRAN. Unlike the conventional approach where each coordinating point quantizes and forwards its own observation to the processing centre, these observations are compressed before forwarding. At the processing centre, the decompression of the observations and the decoding of the user messages are conducted in a joint manner. Our results reveal that, in both dense and ultra-dense urban small cell deployment scenarios, the usage of distributed compression can efficiently reduce the required fronthaul rate by more than 50% via joint operation

Grain growth in metals

Imperial Users onl

Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COPD

Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is beneficial for patients with COPD, with improvement in exercise capacity and health-related quality of life. Despite these overall benefits, the responses to PR vary significantly among different individuals. It is not clear if PR is beneficial for patients with COPD and normal exercise capacity. Although it is believed that longer pulmonary rehabilitation programs can provide better results, most of the evidence comes from short-term programs. Objective: The objective of this analysis was to determine the effectiveness of respiratory services provided in the hospital or community by respiratory therapists (RTs) in reducing health care utilization and improving patient outcomes. The aim was to evaluate the outcomes of a comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodology: All 65 Pakistani patients who met the inclusion criteria with ages between 40 to 65 years, including both male and female, with mild to severe COPD were enrolled in the study on the basis of convenient sampling. Informed consent was taken from each patient starting about the study and their rights to withdraw from study. A demographics detail (name, age, sex) was noted along with the necessary medical history. A questionnaire was made to see the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. All necessary tests were performed to evaluate the patient betterment completely. Results: The mean FEV1 in the subjects was 1.29 ± 0.47 L/min, 64.8 ± 23.0% of predicted. Clinically there is a little effect on CXR pattern, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC after pulmonary rehabilitation. But overall quality of life improved after pulmonary rehabilitation. Mainly improvement occurs in peak expiratory flow rate, BORG dyspnea scale, 6 mint walk test distance (meters) and Oxygen saturation after rehabilitation. Conclusion: These results showed that patients with COPD had benefited from a comprehensive PR program in an out-patient setting regardless of disease severity. Exercise training can result in significant improvement in health-related quality of life, exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and exertional dyspnea in subjects with COPD and normal exercise capacity

Spectral Efficiency Improvements in HetNets by Exploiting Device-to-Device Communications

Next generation cellular networks require huge capacity, ubiquitous coverage and maximum energy efficiency. In order to meet these targets, Device-to-device (D2D) communication is being considered for future heterogeneous networks (HetNets). In this paper, we consider a three tier hierarchical HetNet by exploiting D2D communication in traditional HetNet. D2D communication is deployed within the HetNet where closely located mobile users are engaged in direct communication without routing the traffic through cellular access network. The proposed configuration mandates to reduce the interference offered by the resultant HetNet by reducing the transmitter-receiver distance and ensuring that the mobile users are transmitting with adaptive power subject to maintaining their desired link quality. In this context, we analyzed and compared the spectral efficiency improvements in hierarchical HetNet against traditional HetNet. Simulation results show that D2D communication offers much higher spectral efficiency as compared to traditional HetNet

The Effect of Applying the OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) Method on the Readiness for Practice in Clinical Practice in the S1 Study Program of STIKES Kepanjen the Regency of Malang

Nursing students in the learning process will get in the classical learning and clinical practice. In switching between classical learning into clinical practice it needs for preparations and competency test before entering the practice field. One method of developing competency test in nursing is the OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the OSCE method on the readiness for practice in the S1 study program of STIKes Kepanjen. This research uses quantitative methods with the quasi experimental design and pretest posttest design with control group approach. The competency of the intervention group is assessed by using OSCE method and the control group by using conventional methods. This study compares the students' readiness and student's learning motivation on the pretest and on the posttest after respondents do the clinical practice. The data obtained were analyzed using t test with significance of ρ <0.05. This study has shown that the average value of readiness of respondents who are tested by using the OSCE method is 61.69 with the significance of 0.00, while respondents who were tested with the conventional method have the average value of 56.8 with a significance of 0.148. The mean posttest of the intervention and control group differed significantly with p value 0.000. The conclusionn in this study found that there is an increase in the readiness for practice in S1 study program of STIKes Kepanjen in which the one who are tested by using the OSCE method is higher than non OSCE method

Study of the atmospheric turbulence in free space optical communications

Abstract-In this paper the effect of atmospheric turbulence on free space optical (FSO) communications is investigated experimentally by designing a turbulence simulation chamber. The distributions of bits ‘0 ’ and ‘1 ’ levels are measured with and without turbulence. The bit error rate (BER) is then obtained from the distributions. The temperature gradient within the channel is less than 6 °C resulting in turbulence of log irradiance variance of 0.002. The received average signal is measured and used to characterise the simulated turbulence strength. We then evaluated the BER with turbulence and found that from an error free link in the absence of turbulence, the BER increased significantly to about 10-4 due to the turbulence effect. I

Pengaruh Mekanisme Corporate Governance Terhadap Corporate Social Disclosure

ABSTRAK PENGARUH MEKANISME CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP CORPORATE SOCIAL DISCLOSURE (Studi Empiris pada Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia) MUHAMMAD FUAD ZULFIANTO NIM. F0311080 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh mekanisme corporate governance yang direpresentasikan dengan kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan publik, kepemilikan asing, ukuran dewan komisaris, dan ukuran komite audit terhadap corporate social disclosure pada perusahaan perbankan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas sebagai variabel kontrol. Pengungkapan sosial oleh perusahaan diukur menggunakan GRI 4.0. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) selama tahun 2012 sampai tahun 2014. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 91 perusahaan perbankan. Sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan kriteria tertentu (puposive sampling). Pengujian dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji regresi berganda. Hasil uji regresi berganda menunjukkan bahwa ukuran dewan komisaris dan ukuran komite audit berpengaruh positif terhadap corporate social disclosure. Sedangkan kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan publik, dan kepemilikan asing tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap corporate social disclosure. Kata kunci: corporate social disclosure, mekanisme corporate governance, kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan publik, kepemilikan asing, ukuran dewan komisaris, ukuran komite audit, ukuran perusahaan, profitabilitas, GRI