無力化とエンパワメント -施設的ケアからパーソナル・アシスタンスへの移行に関する研究-

早大学位記番号:新7694早稲田大

Possibility of hydrogen supply by shared residential fuel cell systems for fuel cell vehicles

Residential polymer electrolyte fuel cells cogeneration systems (residential PEFC systems) produce hydrogen from city gas by internal gas-reformer, and generate electricity, the hot water at the same time. From the viewpoint of the operation, it is known that residential PEFC systems do not continuously work but stop for long time, because the systems generate enough hot water for short operation time. In other words, currently residential PEFC systems are dominated by the amount of hot water demand. This study focuses on the idle time of residential PEFC systems. Since their gas-reformers are free, the systems have potential to produce hydrogen during the partial load operations. The authors expect that residential PEFC systems can take a role to supply hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) before hydrogen fueling stations are distributed enough. From this perspective, the objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrogen production potential of residential PEFC systems. A residential PEFC system was modeled by the mixed integer linear programming to optimize the operation including hydrogen supply for FCV. The objective function represents annual system cost to be minimized with the constraints of energy balance. It should be noted that the partial load characteristics of the gas-reformer and the fuel cell stack are taken into account to derive the optimal operation. The model was employed to estimate the possible amount of hydrogen supply by a residential PEFC system. The results indicated that the system could satisfy at least hydrogen demand for transportation of 8000 km which is as far as the average annual mileage of a passenger car in Japan. Furthermore, hydrogen production by sharing a residential PEFC system with two households is more effective to reduce primary energy consumption with hydrogen supply for FCV than the case of introducing PEFC in each household

The development of typography in the bilingual dictionaries of Japanese and the Western languages from 1595 up to the end of the 19th century

The presentation will illustrate the development of typography in the bilingual dictionaries of Japanese and the Western languages from 1595 up to the end of the 19th century. The crucial step towards 'modernized' or 'Westernized' typography was the shift from vertical to horizontal writing in Japanese. It was introduced in the late nineteenth century, led by the groundbreaking Japanese-English dictionary by the American missionary James Curtis Hepburn, which was published in 1867. It was the first dictionary in Japan to be printed entirely from metal type and with features of Western typography fully employed. For example, italic, bold, small caps, indentation parantheses, etc. were used to distinguish the function of different text elements.The shift in writing direction arose from the need to accommodate two entirely different writing systems on a single page, which was a problem nowhere as evident as in a dictionary. It enabled the Japanese dictionaries to follow Western lexicography, which enjoys full advantage of typography.Over 25 dictionaries will be presented to illustrate the key stages of the development - Dictionaries compiled by the Jesuit missionaries in 16th century Japan - Early Dutch-Japanese dictionaries in 17th century Japan - Dictionaries compiled by French Orientalists in the 18th century - Chinese-English dictionaries compiled by British missionaries in the early 19th century Hepburn's dictionary in 1869 and the dictionaries published afterwards.These sources will be examined in terms of printing method, format and typographic configuration.</p