Haptic guidance needs to be intuitive not just informative to improve human motor accuracy.

Humans make both random and systematic errors when reproducing learned movements. Intuitive haptic guidance that assists one to make the movements reduces such errors. Our study examined whether any additional haptic information about the location of the target reduces errors in a position reproduction task, or whether the haptic guidance needs to be assistive to do so. Holding a haptic device, subjects made reaches to visible targets without time constraints. They did so in a no-guidance condition, and in guidance conditions in which the direction of the force with respect to the target differed, but the force scaled with the distance to the target in the same way. We examined whether guidance forces directed towards the target would reduce subjects' errors in reproducing a prior position to the same extent as do forces rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees, as it might because the forces provide the same information in all three cases. Without vision of the arm, both the accuracy and precision were significantly better with guidance directed towards the target than in all other conditions. The errors with rotated guidance did not differ from those without guidance. Not surprisingly, the movements tended to be faster when guidance forces directed the reaches to the target. This study shows that haptic guidance significantly improved motor performance when using it was intuitive, while non-intuitively presented information did not lead to any improvements and seemed to be ignored even in our simple paradigm with static targets and no time constraints

Decontaminating experiences with circular offerings

Keeping a product offering in the system through continued use and between multiple users creates the potential for interactions which become contaminated. These contaminated interactions can cause a barrier to material circulation and extended product lifetimes. This study seeks to identify the underlying design strategies useful in addressing contaminated interaction. Strategies were identified through an exploration of possible solutions to negative ontamination in two phases. Phase I involved identifying 70 existing solutions to instances of negative contaminated interaction and abstracting these to identify a more fundamental underlying principle. In Phase II, designers participated in a brainstorming session to identify as many solutions as possible to several contaminated interaction design briefs. The resulting 155 solutions were analysed together with the other data to generate a final set of strategies. In the end, eight strategies distilled from the analysis which are used to address contaminated interaction. The strategies represent preventative and responsive solutions applicable to various elements of the contamination process.Marketing and Consumer Researc

Time variant system identification of human limb dynamics using wavelets

The dynamic behavior (i.e. admittance) of a human limb results from the interaction between limb inertia, muscles and the central nervous system. System identification techniques assess the dynamic behavior of a limb by analyzing the limb’s response to certain perturbations. Most identification techniques require the system to behave linear and time invariant, i.e. the system’s response to the perturbation must remain unchanged during observation. However it is known that neuromuscular properties change for example with fatigue. Furthermore it has been found that the strength of afferent feedback (e.g. from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) adapts to conditions like task instruction and mechanical load. So far, research mainly focused on the the steady state behavior after the system had been adapted but not on the adaptation process itself. In this study we developed a closed-loop time-variant identification technique based on wavelet cross spectra to continuously identify the admittance, i.e. the dynamic relation between input force (or torque) and the output displacement. This identification technique allowed for measurement of the human joint dynamics as a function of time while the human interacts with a mechanical load. As a second step the afferent feedback strengths were quantified by fitting a neuromuscular control model onto the admittance for each time instant. The model fit produced physiological relevant parameters, like muscle visco-elasticity resulting from (co-)contraction, afferent feedback from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs including neural time delays. Simulations demonstrated that the developed method is able to track time-variant behavior. Preliminary results of experimental data showed that human subjects adapt their admittance to an instantaneous change of a viscous load. In particular, the gain of the afferent feedback changed within seconds. The estimated dynamic behavior of the human joint before and after the change of the viscous load resembled the behavior as identified using traditional time-invariant techniques in two separate experiments with constant viscous loads. However, the accuracy of the estimated adaptation time of the system is yet to be determined as the method in its current form is less able to track fast changes in system behavior. Further research into time-variant closed-loop identification is recommended to improve the temporal accuracy

New Outlook on the Possible Existence of Superheavy Elements in Nature

A consistent interpretation is given to some previously unexplained phenomena seen in nature in terms of the recently discovered long-lived high spin super- and hyper-deformed isomeric states. The Po halos seen in mica are interpreted as due to the existence of such isomeric states in corresponding Po or nearby nuclei which eventually decay by gamma- or beta-decay to the ground states of 210Po, 214Po and 218Po nuclei. The low-energy 4.5 MeV alpha-particle group observed in several minerals is interpreted as due to a very enhanced alpha transition from the third minimum of the potential-energy surface in a superheavy nucleus with atomic number Z=108 (Hs) and atomic mass number around 271 to the corresponding minimum in the daughter.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables. Paper presented at VII Int. School-Seminar on Heavy Ion Physics, May 27 - June 1, 2002, Dubna, Russi

Molecular effects in the neutrino mass determination from beta-decay of the tritium molecule

Molecular final state energies and transition probabilities have been computed for beta-decay of the tritium molecule. The results are of sufficient accuracy to make a determination of the electron neutrino rest mass with an error not exceeding a few tenths of an electron volt. Effects of approximate models of tritium beta-decay on the neutrino mass determination are discussed. 14 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab

Multi-Layer Perceptrons and Support Vector Machines for Detection Problems with Low False Alarm Requirements: an Eight-Month Progress Report

In this project, the basic problem is to automatically separate test samples into one of two categories: clean or corrupt. This type of classification problem is known as a two-class classification problem or detection problem. In what follows, we refer to clean examples as negative examples and corrupt examples as positive examples. In a detection problem, a classifier decision on any one sample can be grouped into one of four decision categories: true negative, true positive, false negative and false positive. These four categories are illustrated by Table 1. True negatives and true positives are cases where the classifier has made the correct decision. False positives are cases where the classifier decides positive when the true nature of the sample was negative, and false negatives are cases where the classifier decides negative when the sample was actually positive. To evaluate the performance of a classifier, we run the classifier on all the samples of a data set and then count all the instances of true negatives, true positives, false negatives, and false positives. All of the performance metrics in this report are then formed from a combination of these four basic decision categories

An experiment to measure the electron neutrino mass using a cryogenic tritium source

An experiment has been performed to determine the electron neutrino mass with the precision of a few eV by measuring the tritium beta decay energy distribution near the endpoint. Key features of the experiment are a 2 eV resolution electrostatic spectrometer and a high-activity frozen tritium source. It is important that the source have electronic wavefunctions which can be accurately calculated. These calculations have been made for tritium and the HeT/sup +/ daughter ion and allow determination of branching fractions to 0.1% and energy of the excited states to 0.1 eV. The excited final molecular state calculations and the experimental apparatus are discussed. 4 refs., 5 figs

Force-Field Compensation in a Manual Tracking Task

This study addresses force/movement control in a dynamic “hybrid” task: the master sub-task is continuous manual tracking of a target moving along an eight-shaped Lissajous figure, with the tracking error as the primary performance index; the slave sub-task is compensation of a disturbing curl viscous field, compatibly with the primary performance index. The two sub-tasks are correlated because the lateral force the subject must exert on the eight-shape must be proportional to the longitudinal movement speed in order to perform a good tracking. The results confirm that visuo-manual tracking is characterized by an intermittent control mechanism, in agreement with previous work; the novel finding is that the overall control patterns are not altered by the presence of a large deviating force field, if compared with the undisturbed condition. It is also found that the control of interaction-forces is achieved by a combination of arm stiffness properties and direct force control, as suggested by the systematic lateral deviation of the trajectories from the nominal path and the comparison between perturbed trials and catch trials. The coordination of the two sub-tasks is quickly learnt after the activation of the deviating force field and is achieved by a combination of force and the stiffness components (about 80% vs. 20%), which is a function of the implicit accuracy of the tracking task