The Role of Transporters in the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs

Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters in organs responsible for drug biotransformation and excretion gives transporter proteins a unique gatekeeper function in controlling drug access to metabolizing enzymes and excretory pathways. This review seeks to discuss the influence intestinal and hepatic drug transporters have on pharmacokinetic parameters, including bioavailability, exposure, clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life, for orally dosed drugs. This review also describes in detail the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) and explains how many of the effects drug transporters exert on oral drug pharmacokinetic parameters can be predicted by this classification scheme

Anforderungsprofile von Umweltmanagern und Umweltoekonomen eine empirische Studie zu Schluesselqualifikationen und fachspezifischen Anforderungen an Hochschulabsolventen mit einem wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Schwerpunktthema 'Umweltoekonomie und Umweltmanagement'

IAB-92-64.-59 AX 272 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Systematische Untersuchung der Isomerieverschiebung des 6,2 keV-Kernuebergangs von Ta in Ta-Verbindungen mit Hilfe des Moessbauereffekts

SIGLEAvailable from the library of Muenster Univ. (DE) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Externe Bestimmungsfaktoren der Entwicklungspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960-1980 eine statistische und historische Analyse

UuStB Koeln(38)-4E1909 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Verfahren zur Simulation und Berechnung von nahfeldoptischen Feldern basierend auf der Finite Integration Technique (FIT) Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F04B2154 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

Einfuehrung in die Theorie der analytischen Funktionen Nach einer Vorlesungsmitschrift von Wilhelm Killing aus dem Jahr 1868

TIB: RA 2499 (38) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Hyperflaechen und Geradenbuendel auf homogenen komplexen Mannigfaltigkeiten

SIGLETIB: RA 2499 (36) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Performance of high-resolution X-band weather radar networks – the PATTERN example

This publication intends to prove that a network of low-cost local area weather radars (LAWR) is a reliable and scientifically valuable complement to nationwide radar networks. A network of four LAWRs has been installed in northern Germany within the framework of the Precipitation and Attenuation Estimates from a High-Resolution Weather Radar Network (PATTERN) project observing precipitation with a temporal resolution of 30 s, a range resolution of 60 m and a sampling resolution of 1 degrees in the azimuthal direction. The network covers an area of 60 km x 80 km. In this paper, algorithms used to obtain undisturbed precipitation fields from raw reflectivity data are described, and their performance is analysed. In order to correct operationally for background noise in reflectivity measurements, noise level estimates from the measured reflectivity field are combined with noise levels from the last 10 time steps. For detection of non-meteorological echoes, two different kinds of clutter algorithms are applied: single-radar algorithms and network-based algorithms. Besides well-established algorithms based on the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field (TDBZ) or sign changes in the reflectivity gradient (SPIN), the advantage of the unique features of the high temporal and spatial resolution of the network is used for clutter detection. Overall, the network-based clutter algorithm works best with a detection rate of up to 70 %, followed by the classic TDBZ filter using the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field. A comparison of a reflectivity field from the PATTERN network with the product from a C-band radar operated by the German Meteorological Service indicates high spatial accordance of both systems in the geographical position of the rain event as well as reflectivity maxima. Long-term statistics from May to September 2013 prove very good accordance of the X-band radar of the network with C-band radar, but, especially at the border of precipitation events, higher-resolved X-band radar measurements provide more detailed information on precipitation structure because the 1 km range gate of C-band radars is only partially covered with rain. The standard deviation within a range gate of the C-band radar with a range resolution of 1 km is up to 3 dBZ at the borders of rain events. The probability of detection is at least 90 %, the false alarm ratio less than 10% for both systems. Therefore, a network of high-resolution low-cost LAWRs can give valuable information on the small-scale structure of rain events in areas of special interest, e.g. urban regions, in addition to the nationwide rada

Thermodesorbierbare Passivsammler und zugehoeriger Thermodesorptionsinjektor fuer die Bestimmung der personenbezogenen Belastung mit organischen Luftschadstoffen - TOPAS

A sampling system for identification and quantification of room occupant exposure to organic airborne pollutants was to be developed. This comprised the development of a new sampling system involving high-resolution gas chromatography.Im Rahmen des geplanten Forschungsprojektes sollte ein neuartiges, leistungsstarkes und dennoch kostenguenstiges Probennahmesystem zur Identifizierung und mengenmaessigen Erfassung der personenbezogenen Belastung mit organischen Luftschadstoffen entwickelt werden. Mit diesem System sollte es moeglich sein, die individuelle Einwirkung von Luftverschmutzungen mit organischen Schadstoffen auf weite Bevoelkerungsgruppen zu ermitteln. Erreicht werden sollte dieses Ziel durch eine neugestaltete Kombination der Passivsammlung als aeusserst einfach zu handhabendes Probennahmesystem in der Luftanalytik mit der Thermodesorption als nachweisstarkes Probenaufgabesystem fuer die hochaufloesende Gaschromatographie. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F01B197 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany); GSF - Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Muenchen (Germany). Projekttraegerschaft 'Umwelt- und Klimaforschung'DEGerman

An object-oriented data model and a query language for geographic information systems

We present a new extensible, object-oriented data model for geographic information systems and a corresponding extensible SQL-like query language. This model is intended to be a general base for the development of geographic information systems. Hence, our model supports both two- and three-dimensional data as well as raster- and vector-based data. In addition, the objects may have several thematic and geometric attributes. Basically we propose a hierarchy of classes describing so called spatial objects. Classes required to describe a concrete application are modelled as subclasses of these abstract classes. The presented query language generalizes earlier proposals of SQL-like query languages for geographic information systems. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: RO 7057(1995,15) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman