Micronutrients and phytochemicals content in various rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) samples control carbohydrate digestion variedly and present differential antioxidant activities: an in vitro appraisal

821-831High starch and carbohydrate content in rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) disparages this food responsible for postprandial hyperglycemic excursions. However, rice is an Asian food synonym. Additionally, in traditional Indian healing practices, rice is used for treatment of various disorders. In this research, we analyzed micronutrient and phytochemical contents in different rice samples available in market. Effect of aqueous-ethanol extract of each type of rice was evaluated against intestinal α-glucosidase to examine extract’s influence on carbohydrate digestion. Free-radicals scavenging activities as a measure of antioxidant potential in different rice were also examined. Brown-rice presented highest (54%) α-glucosidase inhibition followed by parboiled-rice (52%), idly-rice (48%), hand-pounded rice (42%), dosa-rice (40%) and basmati-rice (39%). Polished white sona-masoori rice presented least enzyme inhibitory (31%) activity. Presence of higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was regarded as slow digesting rice that would impart lesser postprandial glycemic excursion. Brown and parboiled-rice presented highest ABTS֗+ radical scavenging (74%) activity whereas; idly-rice displayed highest DPPH scavenging (50%) activity. Higher polyphenol and niacin contents in rice were found significantly (p+ radical scavenging activity

Micronutrients and phytochemicals content in various rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) samples control carbohydrate digestion variedly and present differential antioxidant activities: an in vitro appraisal

High starch and carbohydrate content in rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) disparages this food responsible for postprandial hyperglycemic excursions. However, rice is an Asian food synonym. Additionally, in traditional Indian healing practices, rice is used for treatment of various disorders. In this research, we analyzed micronutrient and phytochemical contents in different rice samples available in market. Effect of aqueous-ethanol extract of each type of rice was evaluated against intestinal α-glucosidase to examine extract’s influence on carbohydrate digestion. Free-radicals scavenging activities as a measure of antioxidant potential in different rice were also examined. Brown-rice presented highest (54%) α-glucosidase inhibition followed by parboiled-rice (52%), idly-rice (48%), hand-pounded rice (42%), dosa-rice (40%) and basmati-rice (39%). Polished white sona-masoori rice presented least enzyme inhibitory (31%) activity. Presence of higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was regarded as slow digesting rice that would impart lesser postprandial glycemic excursion. Brown and parboiled-rice presented highest ABTS֗+ radical scavenging (74%) activity whereas; idly-rice displayed highest DPPH scavenging (50%) activity. Higher polyphenol and niacin contents in rice were found significantly (p<0.0001 and p<0.01 respectively) correlated with enzyme inhibitory activity. Higher polyphenol content was found responsible for enhanced free-radicals scavenging activity. Increasing concentrations of niacin and pantothenic acid correlated with ABTS֗+ radical scavenging activity

Determination of 17 organophosphate pesticide residues in mango by modified QuEChERS extraction method using GC-NPD/GC-MS and hazard index estimation in Lucknow, India.

A total of 162 samples of different varieties of mango: Deshehari, Langra, Safeda in three growing stages (Pre-mature, Unripe and Ripe) were collected from Lucknow, India, and analyzed for the presence of seventeen organophosphate pesticide residues. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method of extraction coupled with gas chromatography was validated for pesticides and qualitatively confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was validated with different concentrations of mixture of seventeen organophosphate pesticides (0.05, 0.10, 0.50 mg kg(-1)) in mango. The average recovery varied from 70.20% to 95.25% with less than 10% relative standard deviation. The limit of quantification of different pesticides ranged from 0.007 to 0.033 mg kg(-1). Out of seventeen organophosphate pesticides only malathion and chlorpyriphos were detected. Approximately 20% of the mango samples have shown the presence of these two pesticides. The malathion residues ranged from ND-1.407 mg kg(-1) and chlorpyriphos ND-0.313 mg kg(-1) which is well below the maximum residues limit (PFA-1954). In three varieties of mango at different stages from unpeeled to peeled sample reduction of malathion and chlorpyriphos ranged from 35.48%-100% and 46.66%-100% respectively. The estimated daily intake of malathion ranged from 0.032 to 0.121 µg kg(-1) and chlorpyriphos ranged from zero to 0.022 µg kg(-1) body weight from three different stages of mango. The hazard indices ranged from 0.0015 to 0.0060 for malathion and zero to 0.0022 for chlorpyriphos. It is therefore indicated that seasonal consumption of these three varieties of mango may not pose any health hazards for the population of Lucknow, city, India because the hazard indices for malathion and chlorpyriphos residues were below to one

Level of malathion and chlorpyrifos residues (mg kg⁻¹) in different species of mango fruits and their percent reduction after peeling.

A<p>Total samples of each variety of mango.</p><p>Values within small parentheses ( ) indicates range of residues and middle {} indicates number of samples detected with pesticides.</p><p>* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, ^###p<0.001.</p

Fortification experiment of organophosphate pesticides residues from spiked mango at different levels (recovery and repeatability), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI).

a<p>RSD-Relative Standard Deviation.</p>b<p>PFA - Prevention of Food Adulteration Act Govt. of India, 1954 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096493#pone.0096493-PFA1" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>c<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096493#pone.0096493-Sharma2" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p><p>NA- Not Available.</p

Estimated daily intake and hazard index of malathion and chlorpyriphos residues in mango.

<p>Mala  =  Malathion; CPF  =  Chlorpyriphos.</p>a<p>From National Nutrition Monitoring Board (2008).</p>b<p>National Sample Survey Organization (2000).</p

GC-NPD Chromatogram of (a) standard solution of 17 pesticides (0.5 mg l⁻¹). (b) spiked mango sample (0.10 mg kg⁻¹) and (c) blank mango sample.

<p>GC-NPD Chromatogram of (a) standard solution of 17 pesticides (0.5 mg l⁻¹). (b) spiked mango sample (0.10 mg kg⁻¹) and (c) blank mango sample.</p

GC-MS chromatogram showing confirmation of malathion and chlorpyrifos.

<p>GC-MS chromatogram showing confirmation of malathion and chlorpyrifos.</p

Map showing sampling site Malihabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

<p>Map showing sampling site Malihabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p