Majčinski mikrobiom tijekom gravidnosti i njegov utjecaj na pseći mikrobiom u novorođenčadi – pregledni članak

The long-standing hypothesis that the neonatal microbiome is acquired during and after birth has been challenged by recent studies in humans using advanced molecular technologies, which identified bacteria and bacterial DNA and RNA in amniotic fluid, placenta, and meconium. Similar studies have recently been conducted on canine neonates, giving a description of the gut microbiota of newborn puppies and a comparison of different types of parturition on their development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of microbiome and microbial alterations in the canine gut, vagina and oral cavity throughout pregnancy, and their effects on the microbiome of the placenta and the meconium in neonatal puppies. We further compare the microbiome knowledge gained in the last decade on human neonates and draw parallels with canine pregnancy and the neonatal microbiome.Dugotrajnu hipotezu da se neonatalni mikrobiom stječe tijekom i nakon rođenja izazvale su nove studije na ljudima koje su identificirale bakterije, bakterijski DNK i RNK u plodnoj vodi, placenti i mekoniju naprednim molekularnim tehnologijama. Isto je nedavno otkriveno i u novorođenih pasa gdje su prve studije opisale crijevnu mikrobiotu novorođenih psića i usporedbu različitih vrsta porođaja na njegov razvoj. U ovom preglednom članku, dajemo sažetak trenutnih spoznaja o mikrobiomu i promjenama mikroorganizama u crijevima, vagini i usnoj šupljini tijekom gravidnosti kuja koje utječu na mikrobiom placente i mekonija novorođenih psića. Nadalje, uspoređujemo saznanja o mikrobiomu stečena tijekom posljednjih deset godina na ljudskoj novorođenčadi i povlačimo paralele sa psećom gravidnosti i neonatalnim mikrobiomom

Učinak dijalize na peroksidaciju lipida i antioksidacijski status nerastove sjemene plazme pohranjene u tekućem stanju.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dialysis on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in liquid stored boar semen. Seventeen ejaculates obtained from eight boars were divided into two aliquots. One aliquot was dialyzed; the other was used as a control. Semen was then stored at 16-17 °C for three days. Sperm quality parameters, capacitation status, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of dialyzed and non-dialyzed semen were measured. The effect of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status on semen quality was evaluated. Removal of low molecular weight components (LMWC) from seminal plasma by dialysis resulted in a signifi cantly higher percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (P = 0.002). Dialysis moderated the increasing level of acrosomal reacted spermatozoa, showing a significantly lower level of acrosomal reacted spermatozoa in dialyzed semen samples according to each day of storage (P<0.05). SOD increased with storage time in both groups, whereas control samples showed significantly higher levels of SOD than dialyzed ones (P<0.05). Dialyses yielded a significant decrease in TAC and an increase in the level of TBARS (P<0.05). Our results show that elevated levels of SOD in dialyzed semen are not able to counterbalance decreased levels of TAC and prevent oxidative injures to the spermatozoal sperm membrane.Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinak dijalize na peroksidaciju lipida i antioksidacijski status nerastova sjemena pohranjena u tekućem stanju. Sedamnaest ejakulata od osam nerastova bilo je podijeljeno u dvije skupine. Jedna skupina bila je podvrgnuta dijalizi, a druga je bila kontrolna. Sjeme je nakon toga bilo pohranjeno na 16 do 17 °C tijekom tri dana. Izmjereni su pokazatelji kvalitete sjemena: kapacitiranje spermija, reaktivne tvari tiobarbiturne kiseline, aktivnost superoksidne dismutaze i ukupna antioksidacijska sposobnost dijaliziranog i nedijaliziranog sjemena. Procijenjen je učinak peroksidacije lipida i antioksidacijski status na kvalitetu sjemena. Uklanjanje sastojaka male molekulske mase dijalizom iz sjemene plazme dovelo je do značajno povećanog postotka morfološki normalnih spermija (P = 0,002). Dijaliza je utjecala na razinu akrosomski reaktivnih spermija pokazujući njihovu značajno manju razinu reaktivnosti u dijaliziranim uzorcima po svakom danu pohrane (P<0,05). Aktivnost superoksidne dismutaze povećavala se s vremenom pohrane u obje skupine, ali su kontrolni uzorci pokazivali značajno veću aktivnost nego dijalizirani (P<0,05). Dijaliza je značajno smanjila antioksidacijsku sposobnost, a povećala reaktivne tvari tiobarbiturne kiseline (P<0,05). Rezultati pokazuju da povećane razine aktivnosti superoksidne dismutaze u dijaliziranom sjemenu ne mogu uravnotežiti smanjenu razinu antioksidacijske sposobnosti i spriječiti oksidativna oštećenja membrane spermija

Tresholds of blood variables obtained by receiver operating characteristic analysis for indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver of postpartum dairy cows

The objective was to determine optimal thresholds of blood variables that are associated with liver lipid and glycogen content in dairy cows. Liver specimens of 15 Holstein dairy cows were taken 2 weeks postpartum (PP) and used for determination of lipid and glycogen content, respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly, starting from week 2 antepartum (AP) up to week 2 PP. Selected blood parameters and body condition scoring (BCS) were evaluated through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver. Postpartal low liver glycogen content (mode 20%, stereological quantification of fat content in the liver tissue samples) can be indicated if values are higher than 3.5 for BCS at week 2 AP. Optimal time for indicating both low liver glycogen/high fat content is 1 week PP, with LDL cut off point set at 0.88 mmol/L. Established cut off values in this study can be used for indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver of dairy cows

Value of semen parameters, with special reference to TNF-α, in predicting the quality of boar semen after short-term storage

The aim of this study was to address the question whether changes in boar semen quality after short-term storage could be predicted on the basis of standard semen parameters and TNF-α level determined on the day of semen collection under commercial conditions. Progressive motility showed the highest positive correlation with morphology on day 0 of collection, and progressive motility on day 3 (P 0.5; P < 0.05). TNF-α in seminal plasma is the only parameter measured on day 0 to show a significant correlation with the percentage of viable spermatozoa after 3 days of semen storage (r = 0.495, P < 0.05). ROC analysis shows that TNF-α level is helpful in discriminating viability outcome after semen storage (AUC = 0.94, P < 0.001). We can predict with 92.35% certainty that fresh semen samples with more than 150 pg/ml of TNF-α in the seminal plasma will retain more than 85% of viable spermatozoa after 3 days of storage. Thus, TNF-α can contribute to predicting the quality of short-term stored semen

THE USEFULNESS OF TWO MOLECULAR METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CATTLE WITH BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS USING ORAL SWAB SAMPLES

Serum and oral swab samples were collected from a persistently infected cow and her calf in a two-month period to test usefulness of oral swab samples for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Nucleic acids of the virus were detected by two molecular methods: conventional gel-based RT-PCR and commercial real-time RT-PCR. The bovine viral diarrhea virus genome was detected in serum and oral swab samples on days 0, 7, 15, 22, 23, 29, 36, 37, 43, 44, 46, 51, 52, 53, and 57. The dry cotton swabs showed a reduction of diagnostic sensitivity after three days when samples were stored at room temperature (+ 21 °C), but storage of oral swab samples at + 4 °C or in a freezer (< – 15 °C) for at least 10 days had no negative impact on the detection of the virus. No reduction of diagnostic sensitivity was observed when oral swab samples were collected in tubes with a liquid virus transport medium. Oral swabs provide an easy, reliable and cost-effective sampling tool for identification of PI animals, together with RT-PCR methods. The oral swab sampling could be especially useful for screening newborn calves during testing and removing PI animals from bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected herds

Equine viral arteritis

Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a contagious disease of equids caused by equine artheritis virus (EAV), widespread in most countries in the world, where patients are diagnosed. The infection usually starts asymptomatic. Clinical signs indicate respiratory infection of different intensity and also abortions are present at different stages of gestation. Large prevalence of this disease in the world has become a growing economic problem. The disease is specific to a particular kind of animals, and it affects only equids (horses, donkeys, mules, mule and zebras). In countries where the infection has been confirmed, the percentage of positive animals differ. Likewise, there is difference in percentage among certain animal kinds. The highest percentage of positive animals has been found in totters and the lowest in cold-blooded

Influence of sexually transmitted infections in a horse breeding

The most frequent problems in horses reproduction are generally divided into those of infectious and non infectious etiology. Common causes of infectious diseases are usual­ly viruses and bacteria, and less frequently protozoa, mykoplasma and fungi. In this work there are presented the most important fact about sexually transmitted diseases, their clinical picture, risk factors, preventive measures as well as measures to prevent and eradicate the diseases. The biggest risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases in horses are breeding stallions, both in natural mating and in artificial insemination. Therefore, in order to prevent genital infections in horses, it is essential that the stallions used for breeding are healthy (non-infected). That can be determined with certainty only if the stallions are examined (tested) just before the breeding season on most frequent sexually transmitted diseases (CEM,EAV). It is well known that in most cases the clinical picture of sexually transmitted diseses is not manifested on genitals. As well, variations in clinical picture can be expected also in mares, depending on the stage of the disease and its etiology. Harms arising from sexually transmitted diseases can be divided into direct and indirect. Direct damage occurs in the form of endometritis, miscarriage, stillbirths and births of weak foals, and indirect in restricting the traffic of infected and suspicios animals, isolation of the infected ones as well as medical treatment and interrupting mating

Review of infections with bovine herpesvirus 1 in Slovenia

In the 1950s, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) disease was clinically detected and documented in cattle for the first time in Slovenia. The bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) was confirmed several times from infected herds by virus isolation on cell cultures. To keep the IC virus-free, high biosecurity measures were introduced. Before entering the IC, all calves are serologically tested and quarantined. Bulls in Slovenian insemination centres (IC) have been negative for IBR /IPV infection since 1979. From 1985 to 1991, few large-scale studies of the prevalence of IBR/IPV were carried out. In 1985, a high percentage (56.9%) of serologically positive animals were found in large state farms with Holstein Friesian cattle. Epidemiological studies in farm with bulls\u27 mother herds were also carried out in the farms with Simmental and Brown cows. Antibodies against BoHV-1 were detected in the serum of 2.3% of Brown cattle and 3.5% of Simmental cattle. In the year 2000, 3.4% of bulk tank milk samples from 13,349 dairy farms were detected BoHV-1 antibodies positive. The highest percentage of positive animals was found in regions with an intensive grazing system (6.2% positive) and the lowest percentage in the east part of Slovenia (0.9% positive) on farms with mostly Simmental cattle. In 2006, a total 204,662 sera of cattle older than 24 months were tested for the presence of BoHV-1 antibodies and positive cattle were detected in 3.6% of tested farms. These farms kept 34,537 animals that were potential carriers of the BoHV-1. Most of the positive farms kept Holstein Friesian cattle, descendants from the state-owned farms, which were privatised or closed after 1990. In 2015, the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection issued a rule that describes the conditions for granting and maintaining the status of BoHV-1 free holdings. The rule provides a voluntary control programme for breeders who want to obtain BoHV-1 free status and are willing to cover all the cost of acquiring and maintaining that status. There has been very little response from breeders