Značajke građe i optička svojstava otpuštenih tankih slojeva cdin2se4

CdIn2Se4 chalcogenides thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation process. The effect of thermal annealing in vacuum on the growth characteristics of the deposited films was studied using X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was observed that the as deposited films (300 K) were poorly crystalline. The degree of crystallinity increases with increasing the annealing temperature from 300 to 500 K. The compositional elemental analysis of CdIn2Se4 thin films annealed at 500 K was found to be nearly stoichiometric, however, films annealed in vacuum at 575 K partially dissociated into two binary phases with CdIn2Se4 as the major phase. The effect of the annealing temperature on the dispersion of the refractive index of the deposited films was investigated and analyzed within the single effective-oscillator approach. Changes of the dispersion parameters were also investigated as a function of the annealing temperature. Analysis of the optical absorption data revealed the existence of allowed direct and indirect optical transitions, and both values of energy gaps decrease with increasing annealing temperature.Isparavanjem u vakuumu pripremali smo tanke slojeve halkogenida CdIn2Se4. Proučavali smo učinke toplinskog otpuštanja u vakuumu na strukturne značajke naparenih slojeva primjenom difrakcije X-zračenja i prolazne elektronske mikroskopije. Opaža se da su svježe (na 300 K) napareni slojevi slabo kristalinični. Stupanj kristaliničnosti povećava se s povišenjem temperature otpuštanja između 300 i 500 K. Analize elementalnog sastava tankih slojeva CdIn2Se4 otpuštenih do 500 K pokazale su gotovo točan stoihiometrijski sastav, međutim, slojevi otpušteni na 575 K djelomično se razlažu u dvije binarne faze, dok CdIn2Se4 ostaje glavna faza. Mjerili smo učinke otpuštanja na disperzivnost indeksa loma naparenih slojeva i analizirali ishode jedno-oscilatornim modelom. Promjene parametara disperzije također smo istraživali u ovisnosti o temperaturi otpuštanja. Analize podataka za optičku apsorpciju ukazuju na postojanje dozvoljenih izravnih i neizravnih optičkih prijelaza s padom širina procijepa za povećne temperature otpuštanja

Značajke građe i optička svojstava otpuštenih tankih slojeva cdin2se4

CdIn2Se4 chalcogenides thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation process. The effect of thermal annealing in vacuum on the growth characteristics of the deposited films was studied using X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was observed that the as deposited films (300 K) were poorly crystalline. The degree of crystallinity increases with increasing the annealing temperature from 300 to 500 K. The compositional elemental analysis of CdIn2Se4 thin films annealed at 500 K was found to be nearly stoichiometric, however, films annealed in vacuum at 575 K partially dissociated into two binary phases with CdIn2Se4 as the major phase. The effect of the annealing temperature on the dispersion of the refractive index of the deposited films was investigated and analyzed within the single effective-oscillator approach. Changes of the dispersion parameters were also investigated as a function of the annealing temperature. Analysis of the optical absorption data revealed the existence of allowed direct and indirect optical transitions, and both values of energy gaps decrease with increasing annealing temperature.Isparavanjem u vakuumu pripremali smo tanke slojeve halkogenida CdIn2Se4. Proučavali smo učinke toplinskog otpuštanja u vakuumu na strukturne značajke naparenih slojeva primjenom difrakcije X-zračenja i prolazne elektronske mikroskopije. Opaža se da su svježe (na 300 K) napareni slojevi slabo kristalinični. Stupanj kristaliničnosti povećava se s povišenjem temperature otpuštanja između 300 i 500 K. Analize elementalnog sastava tankih slojeva CdIn2Se4 otpuštenih do 500 K pokazale su gotovo točan stoihiometrijski sastav, međutim, slojevi otpušteni na 575 K djelomično se razlažu u dvije binarne faze, dok CdIn2Se4 ostaje glavna faza. Mjerili smo učinke otpuštanja na disperzivnost indeksa loma naparenih slojeva i analizirali ishode jedno-oscilatornim modelom. Promjene parametara disperzije također smo istraživali u ovisnosti o temperaturi otpuštanja. Analize podataka za optičku apsorpciju ukazuju na postojanje dozvoljenih izravnih i neizravnih optičkih prijelaza s padom širina procijepa za povećne temperature otpuštanja

THE MOST ECONOMICAL CONFIGURATION OF PUSHED BARGE CONVOY SYSTEM THROUGH CAIRO-ASWAN WATERWAY

In the recent years, as a result of the economical situation in Egypt, fuel price is rapidly increased. Consequently, the cost of cargo transport is also increased. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to check the feasibility of a pushed barge convoy system working through Cairo-Aswan waterway as an alternative mean of cargo transport in order to encourage the transport companies to transport their cargoes through river Nile which is considered the cheapest transport mode in Egypt. In this paper, the current situation of the river transport and the characteristics of the Egyptian inland waterways network are reviewed and investigated to identify the navigation problems and constraints which affect the navigation through Cairo-Aswan waterway. The basic concept of ship controllability is reviewed to clarify the maneuver characteristics of a pushed barge convoy system in shallow waterways. Also, different configurations for pushed barge convoy system are proposed and the required power of each configuration is calculated using a specially developed computer program. A technical and operational measure called transport efficiency is used as a criterion to get the most economical configuration of the desired pushed barge convoy system. Finally, a comparison between the pushed barge convoy system and the existing river transport means in Egypt is made to clarify the feasibility of using pushed barge convoy system through Cairo-Aswan waterway

Population based optimization algorithms improvement using the predictive particles

A new efficient improvement, called Predictive Particle Modification (PPM), is proposed in this paper. This modification makes the particle look to the near area before moving toward the best solution of the group. This modification can be applied to any population algorithm. The basic philosophy of PPM is explained in detail. To evaluate the performance of PPM, it is applied to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm then tested using 23 standard benchmark functions. The effectiveness of these modifications are compared with the other unmodified population optimization algorithms based on the best solution, average solution, and convergence rate

FACTS allocation considering loads uncertainty, steady state operation constraints, and dynamic operation constraints

This study proposes an algorithm to allocate different types of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) in power systems. The main objective of this study is to maximize profit by minimizing the system’s operating cost including FACTS devices (FDs) installation cost. Dynamic and steady state operating restrictions with loads uncertainty are included in the problem formulation. The overall problem is solved using both teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) technique for attaining the optimal allocation of the FDs as main-optimization problem and matpower interior point solver (MIPS) for optimal power flow (OPF) as the sub-optimization problem. The validation of the proposed approach is verified by applying it to test system of 59-bus; Simplified 14-Generator model of the South East Australian power system

Generalized optimal placement of PMUs considering power system observability, communication infrastructure, and quality of service requirements

This paper presents a generalized optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) considering power system observability, reliability, Communication Infrastructure (CI), and latency time associated with this CI. Moreover, the economic study for additional new data transmission paths is considered as well as the availability of predefined locations of some PMUs and the preexisting communication devices (CDs) in some buses. Two cases for the location of the Control Center Base Station (CCBS) are considered; predefined case and free selected case. The PMUs placement and their required communication network topology and channel capacity are co-optimized simultaneously. In this study, two different approaches are applied to optimize the objective function; the first approach is combined from Binary Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (BPSOGSA) and the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm, while the second approach is based only on BPSOGSA. The feasibility of the proposed approaches are examined by applying it to IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems

A Case-control Study of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Buffaloes and Cattle in Karachi, Pakistan, in 2012

A retrospective epidemiological case–control study was performed in Karachi, Pakistan, from January to April 2013. The owners of 217 dairy cattle and buffalo farms from six different locations in Karachi were interviewed. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors associated with the presence of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS). Farms with a history of at least one instance of sudden death in a dairy animal during 2012 and a positive clinical HS diagnosis (made by local veterinarians) were defined as cases. Farms having no history of sudden deaths in 2012 were defined as controls. Univariable analyses were initially conducted, and factors with P ≤ 0.25 were offered to a multivariable logistic regression model to identify putative risk factors. The final multivariable logistic model contained five factors. Vaccination was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.22) along with the length of time cattle were kept on farm (months). For every extra month cattle were kept, the odds of HS disease were reduced by a factor of 0.9. In contrast, for every extra animal in a herd, the risk of infection increased by a factor of 1.01. Supplying underground water and the presence of foot and mouth disease on the farm increased the risk by 2.90 and 2.37, respectively. To understand the epidemiology of HS in Karachi dairy herds, more in-depth research is required to study the risk and protective factors identified in this survey and to evaluate risk mitigation strategies, where possible

Location prediction based on a sector snapshot for location-based services

In location-based services (LBSs), the service is provided based on the users' locations through location determination and mobility realization. Most of the current location prediction research is focused on generalized location models, where the geographic extent is divided into regular-shaped cells. These models are not suitable for certain LBSs where the objectives are to compute and present on-road services. Such techniques are the new Markov-based mobility prediction (NMMP) and prediction location model (PLM) that deal with inner cell structure and different levels of prediction, respectively. The NMMP and PLM techniques suffer from complex computation, accuracy rate regression, and insufficient accuracy. In this paper, a novel cell splitting algorithm is proposed. Also, a new prediction technique is introduced. The cell splitting is universal so it can be applied to all types of cells. Meanwhile, this algorithm is implemented to the Micro cell in parallel with the new prediction technique. The prediction technique, compared with two classic prediction techniques and the experimental results, show the effectiveness and robustness of the new splitting algorithm and prediction technique