Traducción y análisis de los elementos culturales y lingüísticos en «Un chant écarlate» de Mariama Bâ

Resumen: El presente artículo se centra en la traducción al español y en el análisis traductológico del capítulo uno de Un Chant écarlate, obra póstuma de la escritora senegalesa Mariama Bâ. El análisis traductológico que se lleva a cabo tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de los referentes culturales y de las particularidades lingüísticas de este texto francófono. Nos proponemos igualmente dar a conocer, a partir del comentario crítico, algunos aspectos socioculturales de Senegal, así como llevar a cabo la categorización de los problemas encontrados en nuestro recorrido traductor y de las estrategias de resolución utilizadas para resolverlos. Previamente al análisis de los culturemas, de los aspectos lingüísticos constituidos por el léxico y la sintaxis, este trabajo se ocupa de analizar las características de esta novela para acercarnos a la escritura de su autora, considerada como una de las pioneras del feminismo africano

Hepatitis B screening practices and viral control among persons living with HIV in urban Senegal.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects >10% of the general population and is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer in West Africa. Despite current recommendations, HBV is often not tested for in clinical routine in the region. We included all people living with HIV (PLWH) in care between March and July 2019 at Fann University Hospital in Dakar (Senegal) and proposed hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test to those never tested. All HBsAg-positive underwent HIV and HBV viral load (VL) and liver stiffness measurement. We evaluated, using logistic regression, potential associations between patient characteristics and (a) HBV testing uptake; (b) HIV/HBV co-infection among individual HBsAg tested. We determined the proportion of co-infected who had HBV DNA >20 IU/ml on ART and sequenced HBV polymerase in those with HBV replication.of 1076 PLWH in care, 689 (64.0%) had never had an HBsAg test prior to our HBV testing intervention. Women and individuals >40 years old were less likely to have been previously tested. After HBV testing intervention,107/884 (12.1%) PLWH were HBsAg-positive. Seven of 58 (12.1%) individuals newly diagnosed with HIV/HBV co-infection had a detectable HBV VL, of whom five were HIV-suppressed. Two patients on ART including 3TC and AZT as backbone showed the presence of the triple resistance mutation 180M/204I/80V. In this Senegalese urban HIV clinic, the majority of patients on ART had never been tested for HBV infection. One in ten co-infected individuals had a detectable HBV VL despite HIV suppression, and 8% were not receiving a TDF-containing regimen

Prevalence and Predictors of Liver Fibrosis in People Living with Hepatitis B in Senegal.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the first cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer in West Africa. Although the exposure to additional environmental and infectious risk factors may lead to the faster progression of liver disease, few large-scale studies have evaluated the determinants of HBV-related liver fibrosis in the region. We used transient elastography to evaluate the prevalence of liver fibrosis and assessed the association between HBV markers and significant liver fibrosis in a cohort of people living with HBV in Dakar, Senegal. The prevalence of significant liver fibrosis was 12.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.6%-15.9%) among 471 people with HBV mono-infection (pwHBV) and 6.4% (95% CI 2.6%-12.7%) in 110 people with HIV/HBV co-infection (pwHIV/HBV) on tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy (p = 0.07). An HBV viral load > 2000 IU/mL was found in 133 (28.3%) pwHBV and 5 (4.7%) pwHIV/HBV, and was associated with significant liver fibrosis (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.95, 95% CI 1.04-3.66). Male participants (aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.01-8.96) and those with elevated ALT (aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.01-8.96) were especially at risk of having significant liver fibrosis. Our study shows that people with an HBV viral load above 2000 IU/mL have a two-fold increase in the risk of liver fibrosis and may have to be considered for antiviral therapy, independent of other disease parameters

Facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 sous traitement antirétroviral hautement actif au Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire (CTA) de Dakar

Introduction: L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les différents facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique malgré un traitement antirétroviral hautement actif et efficace.Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une étude de cohorte historique, descriptive et analytique faite à partir de dossiers de patients infectés par le VIH-1; sous traitement antirétroviral depuis au moins 12 mois, suivis dans la cohorte du CTA de 2001 à 2011 et ayant une charge virale indétectable depuis 6 mois.Résultats: Durant cette période d'étude de 10 ans, la prévalence de la DIV était de 19,3%. Le sexe féminin était prédominant avec un sexe ratio de 1,9. La dissociation immunovirologique a été plus fréquemment rencontrée chez les patients de sexe masculin (29,7% vs 14,1%) avec une différence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00006). L'âge médian était de 44 ans ± 10 ans. Un antécédent de tuberculose a été retrouvé dans environ un tiers des cas (31,4%). La dissociation immunovirologique était significativement plus fréquente chez les patients ayant un antécédent de tuberculose (p = 0,00005). La plupart des patients (68%) était au stade SIDA 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les patients ayant une dissociation immunovirologique étaient plus souvent aux stades 3 et 4 de l'OMS (p = 0,0001). La dénutrition a été notée dans plus de la moitié des cas (56,2%) et la dissociation immunovirologique prédominait chez les patients dénutris (p=0,005). Le taux moyen de lymphocytes TCD4+ était de 86,7± 83 cellules / mm3. La dissociation immunovirologique était plus fréquente chez les patients ayant un taux de lymphocytes TCD4 bas à l'initiation avec une différence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00000). En analyse multivariée; Seuls l'âge supérieur ou égal à 43 ans, le taux de CD4 initial < 100 c/mm3 et le sexe masculin étaient significativement associés à cette dissociation immunovirologique.Conclusion: Les principaux facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique étant évalués, d'autres études portant sur ce groupe mériteraient d'être envisagées afin de connaitre l'impact de cette réponse immunologique partielle sur la survenue d'infections opportunistes ou bien la mise en place d'une trithérapie spécifique uniquement dans le but d'avoir une restauration immunologique optimale.Mots clés: Dissociation, immunovirologique, VIH, DakarEnglish Title: Factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation in HIV-1-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Ambulatory Treatment Center (ATC) in DakarEnglish AbstractIntroduction: the objective of this work is to evaluate the different factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation despite highly active and effective antiretroviral treatment.Methods: we conducted a retrospective, cohort, descriptive and analytical study of the medical records of HIV-1 infected patients having received at least 12 months of antiretroviral therapy, followed in the ATC cohort from 2001 to 2011 and with undetectable viral load in the last 6 months.Results: during this 10-year study period, the prevalence of IVD was 19.3%. Female sex was predominant, with a sex ratio of 1.9. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in male patients (29.7% vs 14.1%) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,00006). The average age was 44 years ± 10 years. A history of tuberculosis was found in about a third of the cases (31.4%). Immunovirologic dissociation was significantly more frequent in patients with a history of tuberculosis (p = 0.00005). Most patients (68%) had AIDS at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Patients with immunovirologic dissociation were more often in WHO clinical stages 3 and 4 (p = 0.0001). More than half of the cases (56.2%) were found to be malnourished and immunovirologic dissociation was prevalent in malnourished patients (p=0.005). The mean CD4+ T lymphocytes counts was 86.7± 83 cells / mm3. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in patients with initial low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00000). By multivariate analysis, only age greater than or equal to 43 years, CD4 initial counts < 100 c/mm3 and male sex were significantly associated with this immunovirologic dissociation.Conclusion: our study assessed the main factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation. Other studies of this nature would also merit consideration in order to highlight the impact of this partial immune response on the emergence of opportunistic infections or the implementation of a specific tritherapy for the sole purpose of producing fully successful immune restoration.Keywords: Dissociation, immunovirologic, HIV, Daka

Liver Disease and Treatment Needs of Asymptomatic Persons Living With Hepatitis B in Senegal.

The prevalence of active hepatitis B among asymptomatic persons remains unclear in Africa. Of 1206 newly diagnosed persons in Senegal, 12.3% had significant fibrosis and 31.3% had hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels >2000 IU/mL. Overall, 128 (12.9%) were eligible for antiviral therapy. Generalized HBV screening allowed the identification of a large population requiring HBV care

Parametrizations of Inclusive Cross Sections for Pion Production in Proton-Proton Collisions

Accurate knowledge of cross sections for pion production in proton-proton collisions finds wide application in particle physics, astrophysics, cosmic ray physics and space radiation problems, especially in situations where an incident proton is transported through some medium, and one requires knowledge of the output particle spectrum given the input spectrum. In such cases accurate parametrizations of the cross sections are desired. In this paper we review much of the experimental data and compare to a wide variety of different cross section parametrizations. In so doing, we provide parametrizations of neutral and charged pion cross sections which provide a very accurate description of the experimental data. Lorentz invariant differential cross sections, spectral distributions and total cross section parametrizations are presented.Comment: 32 pages with 15 figures. Published in Physical Review D62, 094030. File includes 6 tex files. The main file is paper.tex which has include statements refering to the rest. figures are in graphs.di

La traducción al español de las pasivas y adverbios franceses en «Un chant écarlate» de Mariama Bâ: LTAEDLPYAFEUCEDMB

The Spanish Translation of French Passives and Adverbs in «Un chant écarlate» by Mariama Bâ: LTAEDLPYAFEUCEDMB This article offers a translation into Spanish of a series of passages taken from «Un Chant écarlate» (1981), the second and last novel by the Senegalese writer Mariama Bâ and unpublished until now in Spain. This narrative, it is worth mentioning, relates not only the intercultural conflicts that can arise between Africans and Europeans, but also the harm caused by polygamy and the suffering of African women, often reduced to slaves by their husbands or mothers-in-law. It consists of three parts, which are further subdivided into untitled chapters. Although she did not use the epistolary structure, the author incorporates into this long narrative of 377 pages some letters which, although they do not have the same status as in « Une Si longue lettre » (1979), play a very important role in the way she structures certain parts of the novel, which sometimes adopts a lyrical register and sometimes a pathetic register to highlight the dilemma in which each of the characters finds herself. The use of letters inserted into the narrative thread also allows the author to distance herself from subjective expression while at the same time lending a certain realism to the action. This essay also analyses the passives and adverbs of the original text and reflects on the possible solutions to these translation problems. Prior to the analysis of these morphosyntactic elements, a brief survey of Senegalese literature, dominated mainly by the indefatigable defender of Negritude, Leopold Sedar Senghor, will be made. Within this, feminist literature, which began in the 1980s, is included. In this sense, the writing of the woman who was the spokesperson for African women in general, and Senegalese women in particular, will be examined. A member of several feminist associations, including the "Optimistic Sisters", which she herself created, Mariama Bâ was known and recognised worldwide for her first novel «Une si longue lettre» (1979), which won the Noma award in Frankfurt in November 1980

Novel Approach to the Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance and Field Enhancement Properties of Noble Metal Nanostructures.

The excitation of surface plasmon from individual silver nanowires and gold nanorods is investigated by means of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. Both transverse and longitudinal modes of these nanostructures were resolved, confirming the energy variation observed optically via UV-Vis spectroscopy of nanoparticle ensembles. We show the plasmon peak shift variation as different size nanostructures are probed. We compare our experimental results to the analytical description of the energy loss probability for electrons incident on a prolate spheroid. We discuss the relation between the energy loss probability and optic measurements. We also use energy filtered transmission electron microscope imaging to characterize the energy distribution of the surface plasmon of isolated and coupled of gold nanorods. Local field enhancement and spectral shift of the plasmon modes are observed for two interacting nanoparticles. Their spatial modes are shown to have strong similarities to that of electromagnetic fields distribution around gold nanorods induced by optical excitation simulated using the discrete dipole approximation method. As a direct application of the field enhancement properties of gold nanorods, we use a tightly focused high intensity ultrashort laser pulse to produce a very weak third harmonic signal from an air-dielectric interface. We report that by coinciding the fundamental frequency with that of the longitudinal plasmon of the gold nanorods we have enhanced the third harmonic signal by more than 3 orders of magnitude.Ph.D.Applied PhysicsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63773/1/mngom_1.pd

Tectonique et minéralisations aurifères dans les formations birimiennes de Frandi-Boboti, boutonnière de Kédougou-Kéniéba, Sénégal

Le secteur d étude comprend un ensemble sédimentaire de base (B1), recoupé par un complexe hypo-volcanique et volcanique (B2) puis par un complexe plutonique intrusif. Des sédiments détritiques et un volcanisme tardi- à post-birimien se mettent en place ultérieurement. Ces formations sont affectées par la tectonique éburnéenne comprenant trois phases: (1) D1 compressive affectant les sédiments du Birimien inférieur B1; (2) D2 comprenant trois stades: compression (D2a), transpression senestre (D2b) et chevauchement (D2c); (3) D3 transtensive dextre. La direction de contrainte principale de la déformation évolue en rotation anti-horaire entre les phases de déformation D1 et D3. Les différentes phases compressives sont séparées par des phases extensives avec émissions volcaniques et dépôts sédimentaires. Trois phases de minéralisations aurifères ont été identifiées. La première, ante-D1, souvent diffuse à stratiforme, est localisée dans les sédiments de l ensemble inférieur. La seconde, en relation avec l événement tectono-magmatique D2, donne un stockwerk silico-carbonaté et sulfuré localisé dans les fentes de tension, les veines V2 et les "shear zones". La troisième phase serait contrôlée par l événement tectono-magmatique D3 avec une paragenèse à quartz et pyrite dans les veines V3. Le fait que la minéralisation aurifère intervienne essentiellement dans les veines et les "shear zones" orientées ~N20 suggère qu une activité tectono-magmatique post-birimienne aurait exercé un rôle important dans la remobilisation de l or dans ces structures.The lithological setting of the study area consists of lower Birimian sedimentary rocks (B1), cross-cut both by a volcanic and subvolcanic complex (B2) and a plutonic intrusive complex. Late to post-Birimian silico-clastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks took place later. These Birimian rocks are affected by the Eburnean polyphased tectonics composed of the following phases: (1) D1 compression that affected the lower sedimentary formations B1; (2) D2 composed of three stages: D2a compression, D2b sinistral transpression and D2c thrusting; (3) D3 dextral transtension. An anti-clockwise rotation of the main stress direction is produced between D1 and D3 phases. These Eburnean tectonic phases are separated by extensional tectonic events associated with volcanic flows and sedimentary deposits. Three gold mineralization phases were identified. An ante-D1 primary phase, located in the sediments of the lower unit, is often disseminated and stratiform. The second phase, in relationship with D2 tectono-magmatic event, produces a silico-carbonated and sulphurized stockwerk, located in tension gashes, V2 veins and shear zones. The third phase would be associated to the late D3 tectono-magmatic event, with a paragenesis of quartz and pyrite, concentrated in the V3 veins. Mineralization is more frequent in the ~N20 oriented silico-carbonated veins and shear zones, suggesting that a post-Birimian tectono-magmatic event would have probably played an important role in the remobilisation of gold along these structures.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF