Methods for synthesizing diethyl carbonate from ethanol and supercritical carbon dioxide by one-pot or two-step reactions in the presence of potassium carbonate

Carbon dioxide sequestration was studied by synthesizing diethyl carbonate (DEC) from ethanol and CO2 under supercritical conditions in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base. The co-reagent was ethyl iodide or a concentrated strong acid. This sequestration reaction occurs in two steps, which were studied separately and in a one-pot reaction. An organic-inorganic carbonate hybrid, potassium ethyl carbonate (PEC) is generated at the end of the first step. This intermediate was characterized and was found to be a target molecule for CO2 capture. Different co-reactants, such as ethyl iodide and concentrated strong Brönsted acid, were compared in the second step and used to investigate the reactivity of the hybrid. With ethyl iodide as the co-reactant, one-pot DEC synthesis gave higher yields (46%) than two-step production. The supercritical CO2 acts as a swelling solvent and compatibilizing agent in the reaction medium, favoring interactions between ethanol and CO2 and between PEC and ethyl iodide. The use of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) increased DEC production (yield 51%) without increasing the amount of diethyl ether (DEE) produced as a by-product (yield 2%)

La responsabilité malgré la bienfaisance entre intervenants de l’économie sociale et solidaire (Responsability despite charity between the actors of the social economy)

Il n’existe pas actuellement de décisions de justice siglées économie solidaire et sociale. Toutefois, des solutions législatives et jurisprudentielles indirectes existent. Elles concernent des personnes dont il faut à la vérité reconnaître que l’action s’inscrit dans un cadre isolé. Oui, leur intervention est nettement moins concertée que dans une économie entière ; ici, l’ESS. Par exemple, le Code civil traite de contrats toujours ou parfois gratuits. Ce qui est le cas du contrat de cautionnement, du contrat de mandat ou procuration, du contrat de dépôt, du contrat de prêt à usage, de la remise de dette ou de la donation. There is currently no court decisions coded "social economy". However, indirect legislative and judicial solutions exist. These relate to persons whose action take place in an isolated framework. Their involvement is much less concerted than in the whole economy; it reveals the economic solidarity. For example, the Civil Code deals with contracts always or sometimes free. This is the case of the guarantee contract, contracts of mandate, of deposit, of loan purpose, of remission of debt or of donation.social economy, responsability

Gestion juridique des ressources humaines en RCA (Legal management of human resources in central african Republic)

La gestion des hommes diffère fortement de la gestion des choses (stocks, matériels). La raison est que les humains pleurent, protestent, parlementent. Le gestionnaire de santé, comme tout manager d’ailleurs, doit donc s’adapter aux attitudes variables de ses agents. Bien sûr, cela n’est pas facile. Heureusement, quelques principes juridiques offrent une aide précieuse. Ces principes de bonne gouvernance sont : Respect, Formation, Motivation, Commandement, Efficacité, Évaluation. Ils ont été dégagés à l’occasion d’une formation voulue par le Ministère centrafricain de la santé et de la population au profit de ses cadres. The management of human resources strongly differs from the management of things (stocks, materials). The reason lies in the fact that humans may cry, protest, negotiate. In the field of health, just like in any fields, the manager has thus adapt to the changing attitudes of his agents. Of course, that is not easy. Fortunately, some legal principles offer an invaluable help. These principles of good governance are: Respect, Formation, Motivation, Command, Effectiveness, Evaluation. They were released at the time of a formation wanted by the Central African Ministry of health and the population to the profit their frameworks.legal management, human ressources, RCA (central African Republic)

La lutte (juridique) contre l’inceste (The (legal) fight against incest)

Depuis une quinzaine d’années, l’on découvre beaucoup de cas d’inceste. Les victimes en sont souvent des mineurs. Plusieurs textes répressifs, d’un intérêt inégal, ont été adoptés, tandis que d’autres arrivent. En tout cas, les condamnations sont dorénavant plus dures et plus certaines. Il existe par ailleurs des textes de droit civil qui restreignent ou interdisent le mariage incestueux. En outre, la reconnaissance juridique de l’enfant incestueux est limitée, au point que celui-ci a peu de droits à l’égard de l’un au moins de ses deux géniteurs. Le droit apparaît aussi impuissant face à la forte probabilité des incestes involontaires. En effet, les adoptions internationales, les accouchements anonymes et les dons de sperme ou d’ovocytes en occasionneront de plus en plus. For about 15 years the number of incest cases has been growing. The victims are often infants. Several repressive texts – of inequal interest – have been carried while others will soon be. In all cases sentences are hense forth stiffer and more definite. Other texts (civil low) exist which limit or forbide incestuous marriages. Moreover, the legal recognition of the incestuous child is limited. However, lows seem ineffective in front of the hight probability of unintentional incets: international adoption, anonymous childbirth, donation of sperm and of ovocytes will bring about more and more of such practices.Inceste, loi, maladie, héréditaire/ Incest, ,law, illness, hereditary

Synthesis and properties of lipoamino acid/fatty acid mixtures. Influence of the amphiphilic structure.

The acylation of amino acids by acid chlorides with from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, in alkaline aqueous medium following Shotten-Baumann reaction, results in sodium salts of Nα-acylamino acids and fatty acids mixture. These lastest are present in proportion from 40 to 60%. These compositions represent mixtures of amphiphilic anionic surfactants. They contribute together to the properties of the formulation. Measurements of the surface-active properties of these formulations, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (TS), foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS), show that surfactant mixtures with the longest chain have the most desirable properties. They are comparable to commercial petroleum-based surfactants. Thus, the CMC, TS and CM values of the formulation obtained starting from leucine and dodecanoyl chloride (310 mg/L, 30.1 mN/m and 200%, respectively) are similar, even better than, sodium dodecylsulfate (290 mg/L, 39.1 mN/m and 230%, respectively

Effects of genotype and sowing date on phytostanol-phytosterol content and agronomic traits in wheat under organic agriculture

Cereals are an important source of sterols and stanols in the human diet. The present study underlines the effect of genotype and weather conditions in bread wheat, on total sterol and stanol content (TSS), agronomic traits, proteins and ash content under organic conditions. Variations in TSS as well as other characters between two sowing dates were observed. A broad genotypic variability was also reported since extreme genotypes differed by more than 30 mg 100. g-1 DW for TSS, with total stanol content varying twofold. Moreover, two groups of genotypes that differed in agronomic production, ash and protein content were depicted, based on their response to an increase in temperature. This result suggests that the genotypic factor prevails over the sowing date factor for determining sterol and stanol traits in wheat cultivated under organic conditions. Nevertheless, a strong interaction exists between the two factors, which can be used to drive bioaccumulation of these molecules

Sterol concentration and distribution in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) during seed development

Sunflower seeds are currently used for edible oil production. Among oil minor compounds, phytosterols are of special interest due to their cholesterol reducing properties. This paper reports studies on their accumulation and distribution in the embryo and hull, and the effects of temperature on phytosterol contents in sunflower seed produced under both conventional and organic field conditions. An optimized method of sterol determination, adapted to studies on small samples of seed, is presented. Seventy-two % of phytosterols were found in the embryo, 28 % in the hull. The periods of phytosterols concentration varied according to sterol category and seed part. Application of these results to improve production of natural sterols for functional food use is discussed

Sterol content in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) as affected by genotypes and environmental conditions

Phytosterols play essential roles in many plant cell mechanisms. They are of industrial interest since, as part of the diet, they can reduce Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol. An increase in plant sterol contents by improved crop varieties or crop management could help to answer industrial demands and also to develop environmentally friendly extraction methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotypic variability for sterol content in cultivated sunflower and effects of sowing date, in particular sowing date. Results showed large variability among a collection of sixteen sunflower inbred lines and hybrids. Total sterols varied almost twofold between extreme genotypes. A delay of sowing, giving higher temperatures during seed formation, induced a general increase in total sterol concentration by up to 35 per cent, as well as sterol composition but this varied according to genotype. These results are discussed with the aim of improving sterol content by sunflower breeding programmes

Stabilization of Curcumin by Complexation with Divalent Cations in Glycerol/Water System

The purpose of present study was to stabilize curcumin food pigment by its complexation with divalent ions like (Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Se2+), in “green media” and evaluate its stability in vitro compared to curcumin alone. The curcumin complexes were prepared by mechanical mixture of curcumin and sulfate salts of each metal (metal : curcumin 1/1mol) into unconventional and nontoxic glycerol/water solvent. Two stoichiometry of complex were obtained, 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (metal/curcumin), respectively. On evaluation of in vitro stability, all complexes were found to provide a higher stability from curcumin alone

Effects of Cyclohexane/Acetone Ratio on Bixin Extraction Yield by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Method

In this study, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was applied to the quantitative extraction of bixin. The effects of cyclohexane/acetone ratios on bixin extraction yield were evaluated. Acetone was used in the process of pigment extraction and also played a major role in its analysis by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Pure cis-bixin isolated by flash chromatography and characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrometry was used as a bixin standard for qualitative and quantitative analysis of annatto extracts which were obtained by accelerated solvents extraction. UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis shows that the extraction using 100% cyclohexane gives the lowest bixin yield. This is different from the UV-Vis spectra generated with acetone extraction. The difference in percentage of acetone shows significant effects on bixin extraction yields. The use of cyclohexane:acetone (60%: 40%) solution at 50°C for 5min heating time results the highest total bixin extraction yield (48.00%) as compared to the other solvent ratios, and to the usual extraction methods using the same solvent (29.14%). High pressure liquid chromatography analysis shows that bixin extracted by this method has purity degree of 68.16%