Signing Perfect Currency Bonds

We propose the idea of a Quantum Cheque Scheme, a cryptographic protocol in which any legitimate client of a trusted bank can issue a cheque, that cannot be counterfeited or altered in anyway, and can be verified by a bank or any of its branches. We formally define a Quantum Cheque and present the first Unconditionally Secure Quantum Cheque Scheme and show it to be secure against any no-signaling adversary. The proposed Quantum Cheque Scheme can been perceived as the quantum analog of Electronic Data Interchange, as an alternate for current e-Payment Gateways.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Deutschian closed timelike curves can create entanglement

We study the nature of entanglement in presence of Deutschian closed timelike curves (D-CTCs) and we observe that qubits traveling along a D-CTC allow unambiguous discrimination of Bell states with Local Operations and Classical Communications (LOCC), that is otherwise known to be impossible. A consequence of this leads us to discover that localized D-CTCs can create entanglement, using just local operations and classical communication. This contradicts the fundamental definition of entanglement.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figures. Removed and Added Conten

Essays in Public and Nonprofit Financial Management

There are three primary goals of financial management: to help a firm weather environmental turbulence, to allow a firm to grow, and to make safe revenue choices to keep a firm operational. What is often disregarded in this discussion is organizational context. In this dissertation, I argue that we cannot manage finances in all organizations the same way. Organizational context matters for money management. Specifically, by organizational context I mean if a firm is a public, for-profit, or nonprofit entity. Organizational context shapes the winners and losers in resource distribution and hence fundamentally alters key expectations from various financial management tools and techniques. To demonstrate this, I address three questions related to each aspect of financial management. First, can fiscal slack help buffer budget shocks in public organizations? Second, does financial performance motivate risk taking in nonprofit, for innovation and growth? Finally, can revenue sourcing strategies affect key outcomes in decentralized public organizations? I use twenty years of data from over a thousand public school districts in Texas. I use ordinary least squares regression models with year fixed effects. First, I empirically demonstrate that fiscal slack alone cannot fully counterbalance the negative impact of 10 percent or greater budget shocks on aggregate district standardized test performance. However, districts with approximately 31.53 percent fund balance (unabsorbed fiscal slack) can reduce the negative impact of budget shocks more effectively than districts with minimum, or just 0.05 percent, fund balance. But the distinction of slack as an effective buffer in for-profits, in much less pronounced in public firms. Second, I offer a theoretical discussion of how an increase in financial performance may induce nonprofits to take more risks. This is in sharp contrast to their for-profit counterparts. Decline in financial performance is the key motivation for for-profit firms to innovate and take risks. But given the nondistribution constraint and the lack of profit motivation, when nonprofits are financially secure they would be induced to take more risk. Finally, I empirically investigate achievement gap based on income, a key outcome, in the highly decentralized US K-12 education system. Decentralization is expected to offer welfare enhancing opportunities, by allowing school policies to be tailored to small homogeneous student groups. I find that when more revenue is generated locally, more administrative decentralization can increase income-based achievement gap. Revenue source is less important in private organizations that actively seek to diversify revenue bases. These three separate conclusions together substantiate the key thesis that organizational context fundamentally alters outcomes and expectations from various money management choices in firms

THE DYNAMICS OF COUNSELLING AS A VICTIM MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN CASES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN INDIA

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to bring forward the ground realities regarding the practice of counselling which was considered to be a sine qua non under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The study reveals the actuality of how counselling remains an alien concept to the victims of marital abuse indicating that counselling is rarely done by the Protection Officers and as a consequence, the victims remain both ignorant as well as fail to reap the benefit of this method of resolution. Methodology: A plausible combination of doctrinal and empirical research is adopted. Doctrinal and empirical research involves in-depth study and analysis of available information in an attempt to explain the complex phenomenon. Through comparative analysis, proper reasoning has been tried to be brought to decode the practice of counselling in various states of India. The empirical research involves data collection from four different stakeholders such as; Judiciary, victims and Public. Modus operandi: Observation, questionnaire, interviews. Result: Through this paper, the authors have brought out the reality behind the policymaking and the implementation aspect of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, in the State of West Bengal. The research was conducted throughout six districts of West Bengal, especially focusing on the method of ‘counselling.’ The result that came out of the study revealed the lack of awareness of the victims about the practice of counselling’ and also that ‘counselling’ being the least favored relief granted by judicial officers. While on the other hand, the data on protection officers revealed their belief in the practice of ‘counselling’ which according to them helps in curbing the menace of domestic abuse. Implications: The study brings to light the gap between the provisions of the law under the PWDVA, 2005, and its practice in actual cases, particularly in West Bengal and requires a re-visit by the policymakers to reconsider the grand ideas set out in the Act and their practical implementations in our society. Novelty: The study was conducted in six districts of West Bengal, and is a first of its kind. The questionnaires have been prepared by the authors themselves and the answers have been obtained by personal visits to all the stakeholders mentioned in the article. A research of this kind has not been conducted previously in the State of West Bengal, making the data collection and analysis original. Apart from the field research, the researchers have referred to various primary and secondary documents to understand the background of the phenomenon of domestic abuse, for which reference has been given

The Effect of Firm’s Attributes on Credit Accessibility: An Empirical Analysis of SMEs in Bangladesh

SMEs play a crucial role in social and economical development, employment generation, poverty alleviation, export participation, innovations, and women empowerment. The contribution of this sector is lower in comparison to other Asian countries (Moulick 2021). This sector contributes around 23 percent in the 2017-18 fiscal year. But the growth and development are most vulnerable for their hard access to bank credit due to shortage of information asymmetry and collateral. This study examines the effect of firms’ attributes on access to bank loans. The methodological approach of this study is deductive. The study uses primary data collected from the semi-structured questionnaires with a view to present meaningful commentary on financial leverage in Bangladesh. The semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 400 SME firms to collect data on credit accessibility. Among the firms, only 174 firms have taken loans from banks. Multiple regression has been used to identify the effects of firms’ attributes on debt accessibility. In the equation, financial leverage is the dependent variable, and firms’ attributes are the independent variable. The result of the study reveals that internal capital, collateral, financial statements of the firm, tax payment, location, age of the firm, ownership style, and sector of the firm have an influence on access to a bank loans

Three dimensional rotational angiography imaging of double aortic arch vascular ring

Three dimensional (3D) rotational angiography is a technique used increasingly for imaging in congenital heart disease. Here the use of this technique for imaging of double aortic arch vascular ring is described and the advantages of this modality. are discussed. 3D rotational angiography is an excellent tool for imaging of various vascular anomalies. It provides high quality accurate images through a quick and safe procedure.peer-reviewe