How the interface type manipulates the thermomechanical response of nanostructured metals : A case study on nickel

The presence of interfaces with nanoscale spacing significantly enhances the strength of materials, but also the rate controlling processes of plastic flow are subject to change. Due to the confined grain volumes, intragranular dislocation-dislocation interactions, the predominant processes at the micrometer scale, are replaced by emission of dislocations from and their subsequent accommodation at the interfaces. Both processes not only depend on the interfacial spacing, but also on the atomistic structure of the interface. Hence, a thorough understanding how these processes are affected by the interface structure is required to predict and improve the behavior of nanomaterials. The present study attempts to rationalize this effect by investigating the thermomechanical behavior of samples consisting of three different interfaces. Pure nickel samples with predominant fractions of low- and high-angle as well as twin boundaries with a similar average spacing around 150 nm are investigated using high temperature nanoindentation strain rate jump tests. Depending on the interface structure, hardness, strain rate sensitivity and apparent activation volumes evolve distinctively different with testing temperature. While in case of high-angle boundaries for all quantities a pronounced thermal dependence is found, the other two interface types behave almost athermal in the same temperature range. These differences can be rationalized based on the different interfacial diffusivity, affecting the predominant process of interfacial stress relaxation

Nuclear-data needs for inertial-confinement fusion (ICF)

Our survey was limited to ICF programs in the United States. It included researchers in laser and heavy ion fusion, target design, target diagnostics, and conceptual reactor design. We asked each of these people to read the current data needs for magnetic fusion energy and to comment on additional data that they require

The new MTLRS transmitting system

This paper presents a detailed description about the new transmitting system of the Modular Transportable Laser Ranging Systems MTLRS-1/2. A simplified theory of the Self Filtering Unstable Resonator (SFUR) is explained. Laser design details are discussed concerning the extreme environmental conditions in which these mobile systems are operating. Details are given concerning the new avalanche START detector. The new SFUR laser and START detector are necessary parts in order to bring both mobile systems towards 1 cm ranging accuracy

T Cells Bearing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor against Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Mediate Vascular Disruption and Result in Tumor Regression.

Aberrant blood vessels enable tumor growth, provide a barrier to immune infiltration, and serve as a source of protumorigenic signals. Targeting tumor blood vessels for destruction, or tumor vascular disruption therapy, can therefore provide significant therapeutic benefit. Here, we describe the ability of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-bearing T cells to recognize human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSMA) on endothelial targets in vitro as well as in vivo. CAR T cells were generated using the anti-PSMA scFv, J591, and the intracellular signaling domains: CD3ζ, CD28, and/or CD137/4-1BB. We found that all anti-hPSMA CAR T cells recognized and eliminated PSMA(+) endothelial targets in vitro, regardless of the signaling domain. T cells bearing the third-generation anti-hPSMA CAR, P28BBζ, were able to recognize and kill primary human endothelial cells isolated from gynecologic cancers. In addition, the P28BBζ CAR T cells mediated regression of hPSMA-expressing vascular neoplasms in mice. Finally, in murine models of ovarian cancers populated by murine vessels expressing hPSMA, the P28BBζ CAR T cells were able to ablate PSMA(+) vessels, cause secondary depletion of tumor cells, and reduce tumor burden. Taken together, these results provide a strong rationale for the use of CAR T cells as agents of tumor vascular disruption, specifically those targeting PSMA. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(1); 68-84. ©2014 AACR

Champs élastiques et forces configurationnelles dans des tri-cristaux anisotropes: application aux empilements de dislocations aux joints de grains

International audienceProgress in the modeling of the mechanical behavior of metallic polycrystals depends on a better consideration of the interactions between dislocations and crystalline interfaces like grain boundaries. Dislocation pile up mechanisms at grain boundaries are often not well taken into account in crystal plasticity-based micromechanical models due to the discreteness of such mechanisms. The role of crystalline elastic anisotropy on this mechanism is not frequently studied. Here, from the Leknitskii-Eshelby-Stroh (LES) formalism for two-dimensional elastic anisotropy, elastic fields of straight dislocations in bi-materials (bi-crystals) are theoretically calculated using the solution in a homogeneous medium and a "perturbation" for which the solution is derived from the standard analytic continuation method. Besides, in the case of tri-materials (or tri-crystals) where the grain boundary can be considered as an interphase with a certain thickness and stiffness, an alternating technique using the bi-material solution is applied leading to a formal solution in the form of series. The method allows to compute the configurational forces due to the grain boundary on the dislocations ("image forces") as functions of the inter-granular misorientation and the grain boundary elastic stiffness. Furthermore, their effects on discrete dislocation pileup lengths and stress concentrations in the adjacent grain of pileup are discussed.Les progrès dans la modélisation du comportement mécanique des polycristaux métalliques se jouent actuellement par une meilleure prise en compte des interactions entre les dislocations et les interfaces cristallines comme les joints de grains. Les mécanismes d'empilements de dislocations aux joints de grains ne sont pas encore bien pris en compte dans les modèles micromécaniques en plasticité cristalline du fait du caractère discret de ces mécanismes. Le rôle de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur ces mécanismes est très peu étudié. Ici, à partir du formalisme de Leknitskii-Eshelby-Stroh (LES) pour l'élasticité anisotrope bi-dimensionnelle, les champs élastiques de dislocations rectilignes dans les bi-matériaux (ou bi-cristaux) sont calculés théoriquement en utilisant la solution du problème homogène et une "perturbation" dont la solution provient d'une méthode standard de continuation analytique. De plus, dans le cas des tri-matériaux (ou matériaux tri-cristallins) où le joint de grains peut être considéré comme une interphase d'une certaine épaisseur et d'une certaine rigidité, une technique appropriée utilisant alternativement la solution du bi-matériau est utilisée conduisant à une solution formelle sous forme de série. La méthode permet en élasticité anisotrope de calculer les forces configurationnelles exercées par le joint de grains sur les dislocations (ou "forces images") en fonction de la désorientation inter-granulaire et de la rigidité du joint de grains. De plus, leurs effets sur les longueurs d'empilements discrets de dislocations et les concentrations de contraintes (cissions résolues) dans le grain adjacent sont discutés

Photon emission by an ultra-relativistic particle channeling in a periodically bent crystal

This paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of the new type of the undulator radiation generated by an ultra-relativistic charged particle channeling along a crystal plane, which is periodically bent by a transverse acoustic wave, as well as to the conditions limiting the observation of this phenomenon. This mechanism makes feasible the generation of electromagnetic radiation, both spontaneous and stimulated, emitted in a wide range of the photon energies, from X- up to gamma-rays