85 research outputs found
The Nakano-Nishijima-Gell-Mann Formula From Discrete Galois Fields
The well known Nakano-Nishijima-Gell-Mann (NNG) formula relates certain
quantum numbers of elementary particles to their charge number. This equation,
which phenomenologically introduces the quantum numbers (isospin),
(strangeness), etc., is constructed using group theory with real numbers
. But, using a discrete Galois field instead of
and assuring the fundamental invariance laws such as unitarity,
Lorentz invariance, and gauge invariance, we derive the NNG formula deductively
from Meson (two quarks) and Baryon (three quarks) representations in a unified
way. Moreover, we show that quark confinement ascribes to the inevitable
fractionality caused by coprimeness between half-integer (1/2) of isospin and
number of composite particles (e.g. three).Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 2 table
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A pristine record of outer Solar System materials from asteroid Ryugu’s returned sample
Volatile and organic-rich C-type asteroids may have been one of the main sources of Earth’s water. Our best insight into their chemistry is currently provided by carbonaceous chondritic meteorites, but the meteorite record is biased: only the strongest types survive atmospheric entry and are then modified by interaction with the terrestrial environment. Here we present the results of a detailed bulk and microanalytical study of pristine Ryugu particles, brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. Ryugu particles display a close compositional match with the chemically unfractionated, but aqueously altered, CI (Ivuna-type) chondrites, which are widely used as a proxy for the bulk Solar System composition. The sample shows an intricate spatial relationship between aliphatic-rich organics and phyllosilicates and indicates maximum temperatures of ~30 °C during aqueous alteration. We find that heavy hydrogen and nitrogen abundances are consistent with an outer Solar System origin. Ryugu particles are the most uncontaminated and unfractionated extraterrestrial materials studied so far, and provide the best available match to the bulk Solar System composition
DOI:10.1068/htjr069 Accurate measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of molten carbonates
Abstract. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of molten carbonates (Li 2 CO 3 =K 2 CO 3
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