Rehabilitation Exercises to Induce Balanced Scapular Muscle Activity in an Anti-gravity Posture

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the intramuscular balance ratios of the upper trapezius muscle (UT) and the lower trapezius muscle (LT), and the intermuscular balance ratios of the UT and the serratus anterior muscle (SA) among prone extension (ProExt), prone horizontal abduction with external rotation (ProHAbd), forward flexion in the side-lying position (SideFlex), side-lying external rotation (SideEr), shoulder flexion with glenohumeral horizontal abduction load (FlexBand), and shoulder flexion with glenohumeral horizontal adduction load (FlexBall) in the standing posture. [Methods] The electromyographic (EMG) activities of the UT, LT and SA were measured during the tasks. The percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC) was calculated for each muscle, and the UT/LT ratios and the UT/SA ratios were compared among the tasks. [Results] The UT/LT ratio with the FlexBand was not significantly different from those of the four exercises in the side-lying and prone postures. The UT/SA ratio with the FlexBall demonstrated appropriate balanced activity. [Conclusion] In an anti-gravity posture, we recommend the FlexBand and the FlexBall for inducing balanced UT/LT and UT/SA ratios, respectively

Kinetics Study of Heterogeneous Bromine Release from the Reaction between Gaseous Ozone and Aqueous Bromide Solution

The heterogeneous release of molecular bromine, Br₂, from the reaction between gaseous ozone and aqueous bromide ion in seawater ice and sea salt aerosols is considered to be an initial source of reactive bromine species in the troposphere. Recent studies have demonstrated that the uptake of ozone by aqueous bromide solution is promoted by reactions at the gas–liquid interface. The present work investigated the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous ozone and aqueous bromide solution at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using a wetted wall flow reactor combined with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The emission rate of Br₂ was measured as a function of gaseous ozone concentration, aqueous bromide concentration, and pH. In addition, we conducted a simple kinetics model simulation that included only bulk aqueous-phase reactions and compared the theoretical values with the experimentally determined values. The Br₂ emission rates measured experimentally differ from the simulated rates at relatively high bromide concentration, as well as in the pH region of 6–9. These differences might be explained by different Br^– concentration and/or deprotonation efficiency near the interface region and those in the bulk solution

Trichostatin Analogues JBIR-109, JBIR-110, and JBIR-111 from the Marine Sponge-Derived Streptomyces sp. RM72

Three new trichostatin analogues, JBIR-109 (<b>1</b>), JBIR-110 (<b>2</b>), and JBIR-111 (<b>3</b>), were isolated from the culture of the marine sponge-derived <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. strain RM72, together with trichostatin A (<b>4</b>) and trichostatic acid (<b>5</b>). The planar structures of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were determined on the basis of extensive NMR and MS analyses. In addition, the absolute configurations of the amino acid residues were determined by Marfey’s method. The histone deacetylase inhibitory activities of <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> were examined, and their structure–activity relationships are discussed