Intravenous Lidocaine Compared to Fentanyl in Renal Colic Pain Management; a Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Using alpha blockers such as intravenous (IV) lidocaine has been deemed effective in controlling acute pain. Therefore, the current study was designed with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of IV lidocaine in comparison to IV fentanyl in pain management of patients with renal colic in emergency department (ED). Methods: In this double blind clinical trial, 18-65 year old patients that presented to ED with colicky flank pain and met the inclusion criteria of the study were allocated to either lidocaine or fentanyl group using block randomization and compared regarding pain severity 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Results: 90 patients with the mean age of 35.75±8.87 years were divided into 2 groups of 45 (90% male). The 2 groups were not significantly different regarding the studied baseline variables. Pain severity was not significantly different between the 2 groups at various times after injection. Treatment failure rate 15 minutes after injection was 44.4% (20 cases) in IV lidocaine and 17.8% (8 cases) in IV fentanyl group (p = 0.006). These rates were 26.6% (12 patients) versus 22.2% 30 minutes after injection (p = 0.624). Absolute risk increase of treatment failure in case of using lidocaine was 26.7 (95% CI: 8.3-44.9) in the 15th minute and 4.4 (95% CI: 13.3-22.2) 30 minutes after injection. Number needed to harm (NNH) in treatment with lidocaine 15 and 30 minutes after injection were 4 (95% CI: 2.2-12.0) and 23, respectively. Conclusion: Although mean pain severity was not significantly different between IV fentanyl and lidocaine at various times after injection, treatment failure rate was significantly higher in the IV lidocaine group 15 minutes after injection

Intravenous Lidocaine versus Morphine Sulfate in Pain Management for Extremity Fractures; a Clinical Trial

Introduction: Considering the existing contradictions regarding effectiveness of intravenous (IV) lidocaine, especially in emergency department (ED), the present study was designed to compare the analgesic effect of IV lidocaine and morphine sulfate in pain management for extremity bone fractures. Method: In this triple blind clinical trial, 15 to 65 year-old patients with extremity fractures and in need of pain management were randomly allocated to either IV lidocaine or morphine sulfate group and were compared regarding severity of pain 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after infusion via intention to treat analysis.  The absolute risk reduction, number needed to treat and relative risk of IV lidocaine after 30 minutes were 0.40 (95%CI: 0.25 – 0.64), 7 (95%CI: 3.7 – 23.1), and 20.71 (95%CI: 10.91 – 30.51), respectively. Results: 280 patients with the mean age of 32.50 ± 12.77 years were randomly divided into 2 equal groups of 140 (73.9% male). The 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics. 15 minutes after injection success rate was 49.28% in lidocaine and 33.57% in morphine sulfate group (p = 0.011), and after 30 minutes it reached 85.71% and 65.00%, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, IV lidocaine could be considered as a reasonable alternative choice for pain management in ED.

Intranasal Lidocaine for Primary Headache Management in Emergency Department; a Clinical Trial

Introduction: Most of the headache cases only require pain management in emergency department (ED). The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intranasal lidocaine in this regard. Method: In this clinical trial, adult patients with primary headache were randomly treated with 7.5 mg intravenous (IV) chlorpromazine and 1 ml intranasal lidocaine 2% (treatment) or normal saline 0.9% (placebo), and were compared 5, 15, and 30 minutes later regarding success rate using SPSS 21. Result: 100 patients were assigned to either treatment or placebo group. Number needed to treat of intranasal lidocaine at 5, 15, and 30 minutes were 4 (95% CI: 2.2 – 6.6), 3 (95% CI: 1.7 – 3.5), and 4 (95% CI: 2.3 – 15.9), respectively. These measures for absolute risk reduction were 30 (95% CI: 15.2 – 44.8), 44 (95% CI: 28.7 – 59.3), and 26 percent (95% CI: 6.3 – 44.3), respectively. Pain relapse occurred in 16% of treatment and 11% of control group within 1 hour of treatment (p = 0.402). Conclusion: It seems that, intranasal lidocaine along with IV chlorpromazine could result in more successful and faster management of primary headaches in ED.

A Study on Lectures Teaching Quality from Students Perspective in Education Faculty of Bamyan University in 2022

Research on teaching quality in universities is one of the most important issues that provide valuable feedback for analyzing educational issues, making critical decisions, and strategic planning for educational authorities and practitioners. On the other hand, with knowledge of their own performance quality during teaching, instructors will be able to improve teaching methods and approaches, thus enhancing the quality of their teaching. The aim of this research is to assess the teaching quality at the Faculty of Education in Bamyan University. In this study, a sample of 283 students from the Faculty of Education was selected using the Four-Multiplier Cochran technique, which employed a convenience sampling method. The Rasouli Teaching Quality Questionnaire (2010) was used to collect the data, which has good validity (0.8) and reliability. It consists of 28 Likert-scale items ranging from "very low" to "very high" and is composed of dimensions such as subject mastery, lesson planning and design, guidance and counseling, communication skills, ethical considerations, and classroom management. This research is a descriptive-survey study with practical applications based on its results. It has a foreign background, and among them, Piry Mohammad study conducted in 2018 at Malayer University in Iran titled "Satisfaction with the Quality of University Teaching," Arzo Mohammadi and colleagues' study in 2015 at Tehran University of Medical Sciences titled "Teaching Quality and its Relationship with Academic Motivation," and Hermz Seynai Nasab and colleagues' study in 2019 at Shahid Modarres University titled "Investigating the Quality of Teaching from the Perspective of Students" can be mentioned. The findings of this research indicate that the teaching quality at the Faculty of Education in Bamyan University is at a desirable level, SPSS21 software was used for data analysis, and a one-sample t-test was employed to analyze the research questions

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Response of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases in children: A 5-year Study in an Iranian Referral Hospital

Background: Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are a group of uncommon inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of EGIDs, clinical manifestation and their response to treatment in a Children Medical Center in Iran.Method: Between 2011 and 2016, all patients, aged <18 years old, who had pathology-confirmed diagnosis of EGIDs and underwent endoscopy in our center, were included in the study. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory data, radiologic findings, endoscopic findings, histological findings and the results of treatment were retrieved from the participants’ medical records.Results: The prevalence of EGIDs in children in the gastrointestinal unit of our hospital during these years was reported as 5 per 1000 children. The most reported clinical symptoms in patients with EoE were nausea (75%), vomiting (69%), and epigastric pain (62.5% each). All of the patients had a hypoallergenic diet. Seventy-five percent of the patients used fluticasone spray.  The most frequent symptom in the patients with EoC was rectal bleeding (100%), followed by diarrhea (73%), irritability (23%), and loss of weight gain (18%). All of the patients had a hypoallergenic diet. Twenty-seven percent of the patients used Neocate milk and the use of cetirizine and ketotifen were reported in 18% of patients. EoGE was reported in only two patients (mean age: 10.25 years).Conclusion: During the 5-year period, most cases of EGIDs were related to EoC and EoE, and all cases improved in response to treatment. The hypoallergenic diet was identified as a common effective treatment for the studied patients

Comparing Two Different Doses of Intravenous Midazolamin in Pediatric Sedation and Analgesia

Introduction: Midazolam has turned into a common drug for pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia. However, there is not much data regarding its proper dose and potential side effects in the Iranian children population. Therefore, the present study was done to compare 2 doses of IV midazolam in this regard. Methods: The present clinical trial was performed to compare 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg doses of IV midazolam in induction of sedation for head trauma infant patients in need of brain computed tomography (CT) scan. Conscious infants under 2 years old, with stable hemodynamics were included. Onset and duration of action as well as probable side effects were compared between the two groups using SPSS version 22. Results: 110 infants with the mean age of 14.0 §5.9 months (range: 4–24) and mean weight of 9.7±2 kg (range: 5–15) were randomly allocated to one of the 2 study groups (54.6% female). Success rate in 0.1 and 0.3 mg /kg groups were 38.2% (21 patients)and 60% (33 patients), respectively (p=0.018). Overall, 56 (50.9%) patients did not reach proper sedation and were sedated receiving ketamine (22 patients) or another dose of midazolam (34 patients, mean additional dose needed was 2.1±1.1 mg). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated the higher success rate and longer duration of action for 0.3 mg /kg midazolam compared to 0.1 mg /kg. The groups were equal regarding onset of action, effect on vital signs and probable side effects

Development of an Easy-to-Use Tool for the Assessment of Emergency Department Physical Design

Physical design of the emergency department (ED) has an important effect on its role and function. To date, no guidelines have been introduced to set the standards for the construction of EDs in Iran. In this study we aim to devise an easy-to-use tool based on the available literature and expert opinion for the quick and effective assessment of EDs in regards to their physical design. For this purpose, based on current literature on emergency design, a comprehensive checklist was developed.  Then, this checklist was analyzed by a panel consisting of heads of three major EDs and contradicting items were decided. Overall 178 crude items were derived from available literature. The Items were categorized in to three major domains of Physical space, Equipment, and Accessibility. The final checklist approved by the panel consisted of 163 items categorized into six domains. Each item was phrased as a “Yes or No” question for ease of analysis, meaning that the criterion is either met or not.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measurement Using as a Rapid Alternative to the Westergren Method

Introduction: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) remains as one of the most reliable tests in clinical practices. Yet its use is time consuming and requires a large blood sample. The aim of this study was assessing a faster and reliable method of ESR estimation. Methods: An ESR estimation method was described and performed on 108 patients using capillary tube (micro ESR) and capillary peripheral blood. Micro ESR results at different intervals were measured and compared with Westergren ESR (conventional ESR) estimation by Pearson and Spearman’s coefficients. A regression equation was derived to predict conventional ESR values based on micro ESR results. The agreement of two measurements was demonstrated using the Bland-Altman plot. Results: Micro ESR results at 20 minutes showed the earliest close correlation with conventional ESR results at one hour (0.99). The presented regression equation was able to closely predict ESR values (r2 = 0.974) and the Bland-Altman plot showed an acceptable agreement between converted and conventional ESR measurements. Conclusion: Using capillary tube and capillary blood sample (micro ESR) appears to be a faster, cheaper, more reliable, and precise tool for ESR measurement in the ED. The results have acceptable correlation with conventional ESR, especially at 20 minutes of measurement

Ketamine Associated Vomiting in Children Requiring Sedation: A Prospective Randomized Open Trial Study

Background In recent years, ketamine has been the most used sedative in Emergency Department (ED) procedures for pain management. Therefore, this study evaluated ketamine associated vomiting (KAV) in children requiring sedation. Materials and Methods This is a prospective, randomized, and open trial study carried out on children of ages 3 months to 13 years requiring sedation for medical diagnostic or treatment procedures. The patients were randomized into 1 mg/kg IV, 2 mg/kg IV, 3 mg/kg IM and 5 mg/kg IM groups. Results A total of 190 patients were enrolled for this study. In total, 17.37% of the children were reported to have vomited after ketamine administration. In the IV group, 21.69% of the children vomited, while in the IM group, 14.02% vomited (p= 0.18). In the 1 mg/kg IV group, 22.72% of the children vomited compared to 20.51% (p= 0.51) in the 2 mg/kg IV group.  In the 3 mg/kg IM group, 14.54% of the children vomited as against 13.46% in the 5 mg/kg IM group (p= 0.54). There were no significant differences between sex and dose group on the incidence of vomiting (p= 0.40). Conclusion This study showed that the administration of ketamine via IV and IM in a standard dose is a safe method for sedating children. However, there is need to study the combination of ketamine with anti-vomiting agents in different injection routes, as well as to review the combination with tranquilizer to minimize the rate of vomiting in children requiring sedation in the ED

Head Trauma Patients Presented To Emergency Department; an Epidemiologic Study

مقدمه: صدمات تروماتیک مغزی یکی از مهمترین علل مرگ و میر و معلولیت هستند. با در نظر گرفتن تناقضات متعدد جهت ترخیص بیماران با ضربه به سر به خصوص صدمات تروماتیک مغزی خفیف، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک صدمات تروماتیک مغزی طراحی شده است. روش کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی گذشته نگر، بیماران با ترومای منحصر سر، بدون فاکتورهای مخدوش کننده و همه آنها که تحت سی تی اسکن سر قرار گرفتند، با نمونه گیری در دسترس وارد این مطالعه شدند. اطلاعات دموگرافیک و تشخیص نهایی این بیماران از پرونده های بالینی استخراج و مورد تحلیل آماری با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS 21 و تست های آماری متناسب قرار گرفت. يافته ها: 786 بیمار با میانگین سنی 8/16 ± 24 سال (دامنه: 75-5/0) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند (8/67 درصد مرد). 42 بیمار (3/5 درصد) سی تی اسکن مغز غیرطبیعی داشتند و بستری شدند. از بین این 42 بیمار، 7 نفر (7/16 درصد بیماران بستری، 3/3 درصد بیماران کم خطر و 9/0 درصد کل بیماران) در دسته ی کم خطر از جهت احتمال وجود ضایعه مغزی قرار داشتند. 12 نفر (5/1 درصد) از بیماران به عمل جراحی احتیاج داشتند که از این میان 2 نفر (9/0 درصد) از بیمارانی بوده اند که جزو دسته کم خطر طبقه بندی شده بودند. استفراغ در بیماران با اسکن غیرطبیعی (2/45 درصد)  به طور معنی داری بیشتر از بیماران با اسکن طبیعی (6/19 درصد) بود (p = 0/001 ). در سایر علائم اختلاف معنی داری بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد. نتيجه گيری: با توجه به یافته های این مطالعه، می توان نتیجه گرفت که با تصمیم گیری بر اساس علائم بالینی صرف احتمال خطا در مدیریت حدود 3/3 درصد بیماران مبتلا به ترومای سر وجود دارد. همچنین حدود 9/0 درصد از بیمارانی که در دسته کم خطر طبقه بندی شدند در نهایت به .عمل جراحی احتیاج پیدا کردندIntroduction: Traumatic brain injuries are among the most important causes of mortality and disability. Since there is a lot of controversy regarding discharge of head trauma patients, especially those with mild traumatic brain injuries, this study was designed aiming to evaluate traumatic brain injuries from an epidemiologic point of view. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, patients with isolated head trauma, and all those who underwent computed tomography (CT) were included using convenience sampling. Demographic data and final diagnosis of the patients were extracted from their medical profile, and were analyzed using SPSS 21 and appropriate statistical tests. Results: 786 patients with the mean age of 24 ± 16.8 years (range: 0.5 – 75) were evaluated (67.8% male). 42 patients (5.3%) had abnormal CT scan and were hospitalized. 7 of them (16.7% of hospitalized, 3.3% of low-risk, and 0.9% of all patients) were in the group categorized as low-risk regarding probability of brain injuries. 12 (1.5%) participants needed surgery, 2 of which (0.9%) were initially categorized as low-risk. Vomiting was significantly more in patients with abnormal CT scan (45.2%) compared to those who had normal CT scan (19.6%) (p = 0.0001). No significant difference was detected between the 2 groups in other symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that by making decisions based on clinical findings alone, there is a probability of about 3.3% error in management of head trauma patients. In addition, 0.9% of the patients initially categorized as low-risk, needed surgical intervention in the end.