16,782 research outputs found
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Morality and institutions: an exploration
This paper explores the question of how culturally varying views of ‘morality’, ‘fairness’ and ‘justice’, particularly those held by the rural poor in developing countries, influence the way people evaluate,work within, use and (sometimes) resist, economic institutions – especially the institutions that emerge or are actively promoted during ‘development’ (market-oriented or otherwise)? It reviews the way this and related questions have been dealt with in a wide range of subjects, including social anthropology,
institutional economics, economic sociology, experimental economics, and the study of rural protest. It then discusses how insights about morality and its interactions with institutions could be incorporated more widely into our understanding of the relationship between institutions and development and, in particular, whether we should begin to understand moralities as part of the wider domain of informal institutions which interact with formal institutions to shape behaviours
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'Responsible companies' and African livestock-keepers: acting, teaching but not learning?
There is some evidence that companies, both multinational and African, operating from motivations that can be very broadly labelled "Corporate Social Responsibility", can make real and significant contributions to pastoral development and that useful development dialogues can be held with them. But three case studies, from Uganda, Ethiopia and Senegal, also suggest that companies operating in "CSR" mode show a systemic tendency to attempt to teach proper engagement with markets, and remarkably little readiness to learn how pastoralists and other livestock-keepers wish to engage with markets, and what constrains them from doing so. When allied with the intrinsic complexity of livestock-keepers' objectives and constraints in production and marketing, this tendency to teach rather than learn severely limits the potential development contribution of CSR
When Does a Mixture of Products Contain a Product of Mixtures?
We derive relations between theoretical properties of restricted Boltzmann
machines (RBMs), popular machine learning models which form the building blocks
of deep learning models, and several natural notions from discrete mathematics
and convex geometry. We give implications and equivalences relating
RBM-representable probability distributions, perfectly reconstructible inputs,
Hamming modes, zonotopes and zonosets, point configurations in hyperplane
arrangements, linear threshold codes, and multi-covering numbers of hypercubes.
As a motivating application, we prove results on the relative representational
power of mixtures of product distributions and products of mixtures of pairs of
product distributions (RBMs) that formally justify widely held intuitions about
distributed representations. In particular, we show that a mixture of products
requiring an exponentially larger number of parameters is needed to represent
the probability distributions which can be obtained as products of mixtures.Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures, 2 table
Using deep learning to understand and mitigate the qubit noise environment
Understanding the spectrum of noise acting on a qubit can yield valuable
information about its environment, and crucially underpins the optimization of
dynamical decoupling protocols that can mitigate such noise. However,
extracting accurate noise spectra from typical time-dynamics measurements on
qubits is intractable using standard methods. Here, we propose to address this
challenge using deep learning algorithms, leveraging the remarkable progress
made in the field of image recognition, natural language processing, and more
recently, structured data. We demonstrate a neural network based methodology
that allows for extraction of the noise spectrum associated with any qubit
surrounded by an arbitrary bath, with significantly greater accuracy than the
current methods of choice. The technique requires only a two-pulse echo decay
curve as input data and can further be extended either for constructing
customized optimal dynamical decoupling protocols or for obtaining critical
qubit attributes such as its proximity to the sample surface. Our results can
be applied to a wide range of qubit platforms, and provide a framework for
improving qubit performance with applications not only in quantum computing and
nanoscale sensing but also in material characterization techniques such as
magnetic resonance.Comment: Accepted for publication, 15 pages, 10 figure
A constitutive model for simple shear of dense frictional suspensions
Discrete particle simulations are used to study the shear rheology of dense,
stabilized, frictional particulate suspensions in a viscous liquid, toward
development of a constitutive model for steady shear flows at arbitrary stress.
These suspensions undergo increasingly strong continuous shear thickening (CST)
as solid volume fraction increases above a critical volume fraction, and
discontinuous shear thickening (DST) is observed for a range of . When
studied at controlled stress, the DST behavior is associated with non-monotonic
flow curves of the steady-state stress as a function of shear rate. Recent
studies have related shear thickening to a transition between mostly lubricated
to predominantly frictional contacts with the increase in stress. In this
study, the behavior is simulated over a wide range of the dimensionless
parameters , and , with the dimensionless shear stress and the coefficient of
interparticle friction: the dimensional stress is , and , where is the magnitude of repulsive force at contact
and is the particle radius. The data have been used to populate the model
of the lubricated-to-frictional rheology of Wyart and Cates [Phys. Rev.
Lett.{\bf 112}, 098302 (2014)], which is based on the concept of two viscosity
divergences or \textquotedblleft jamming\textquotedblright\ points at volume
fraction (random close packing) for the
low-stress lubricated state, and at for
any nonzero in the frictional state; a generalization provides the normal
stress response as well as the shear stress. A flow state map of this material
is developed based on the simulation results.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
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