Indledning: Ulønnet og frivilligt arbejde

Langt de fleste undersøgelser, teorier og diskussioner indenfor arbejdslivsforskningen drejer sig enten implicit eller eksplicit om lønnet arbejde. Men hvad med alt det arbejde, man ikke får betaling for? Frivilligt arbejde, arbejde i lokalsamfundet, arbejdet som praktikant, ulønnet overarbejde, reproduktivt arbejde mm. Denne form for arbejde er ikke bare ulønnet, men også usynligt og underbelyst i arbejdslivsforskningen. Dette temanummer har derfor til formål at bringe bidrag, der undersøger det ulønnede arbejde i dets mangfoldige former og organiseringer, samt dets individuelle og samfundsmæssige implikationer. Meget ulønnet arbejde udføres i tæt tilknytning til, og nogle gange som erstatning for, regulært lønnet arbejde. Man kan argumentere for, at en senmoderne arbejdsetik, med høje krav til medarbejderens identifi kation med og emotionelle engagement i arbejdet, fører til en arbejdsindsats, der strækker sig langt ud over, hvad lønnen honorerer. Samtidig er fl ere brancher (fx. kulturområdet og dele af det akademiske arbejdsmarked) kendt for at have en institutionaliseret kultur for ubetalt overarbejde, ulønnede praktikforløb og lignende. Det ulønnede arbejde udføres i mange tilfælde af mennesker i prekære ansættelser (Gleerup, Nielsen, Olsén, & Warring, 2018). Mange er unge uden fast tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet, der påtager sig dette gratis arbejde i håbet om at styrke deres CV, ’at få et ben indenfor’, og at øge deres fremtidige muligheder på arbejdsmarkedet (Wistreich & Lystlund Matzen, 2016). En anden fremtrædende version af ulønnet arbejde er frivilligt arbejde, dvs. ulønnet arbejde i relation til en sag, et formål eller en normativ orientering som den, der påtager sig arbejdet, ønsker at støtte/fremme. Frivilligt arbejde er udbredt i det danske foreningsliv, men vinder også i stigende grad indpas i offentlige velfærdsorganisationer (eks. ældrepleje og socialt arbejde), samt i tilknytning til socialøkonomiske virksomheder, hvor begreber som samskabelse og samproduktion bl.a. involverer brug af ulønnet arbejdskraft fra borgere, brugere og pårørende (jf. eksempelvis bidrag af Boje og Andersen i dette nummer). Denne type ulønnet arbejde er ofte båret af en ide om, at arbejdet giver noget immaterielt igen – eksempelvis glæden ved at hjælpe andre, gøre en god gerning, bidrage til en sag, styrke et lokalsamfund eller andet. Men det åbner også for nye interessante spørgsmål omkring eksempelvis latente værdi- og motivationskonfl ikter og praktiske positioner mellem ulønnede ildsjæle og det lønarbejdende personale i organisationerne. Endvidere peger udviklingen i velfærdsorganisationerne mod en stigende forventning til pårørende og familier om at løfte omsorgsopgaver og mod en re-privatisering af omsorgsopgaver, og dermed mod en re-aktualisering af diskussioner om særligt kvinders ulønnede reproduktive arbejde.Langt de fleste undersøgelser, teorier og diskussioner indenfor arbejdslivsforskningen drejer sig enten implicit eller eksplicit om lønnet arbejde. Men hvad med alt det arbejde, man ikke får betaling for? Frivilligt arbejde, arbejde i lokalsamfundet, arbejdet som praktikant, ulønnet overarbejde, reproduktivt arbejde mm. Denne form for arbejde er ikke bare ulønnet, men også usynligt og underbelyst i arbejdslivsforskningen. Dette temanummer har derfor til formål at bringe bidrag, der undersøger det ulønnede arbejde i dets mangfoldige former og organiseringer, samt dets individuelle og samfundsmæssige implikationer. Meget ulønnet arbejde udføres i tæt tilknytning til, og nogle gange som erstatning for, regulært lønnet arbejde. Man kan argumentere for, at en senmoderne arbejdsetik, med høje krav til medarbejderens identifi kation med og emotionelle engagement i arbejdet, fører til en arbejdsindsats, der strækker sig langt ud over, hvad lønnen honorerer. Samtidig er fl ere brancher (fx. kulturområdet og dele af det akademiske arbejdsmarked) kendt for at have en institutionaliseret kultur for ubetalt overarbejde, ulønnede praktikforløb og lignende. Det ulønnede arbejde udføres i mange tilfælde af mennesker i prekære ansættelser (Gleerup, Nielsen, Olsén, & Warring, 2018). Mange er unge uden fast tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet, der påtager sig dette gratis arbejde i håbet om at styrke deres CV, ’at få et ben indenfor’, og at øge deres fremtidige muligheder på arbejdsmarkedet (Wistreich & Lystlund Matzen, 2016). En anden fremtrædende version af ulønnet arbejde er frivilligt arbejde, dvs. ulønnet arbejde i relation til en sag, et formål eller en normativ orientering som den, der påtager sig arbejdet, ønsker at støtte/fremme. Frivilligt arbejde er udbredt i det danske foreningsliv, men vinder også i stigende grad indpas i offentlige velfærdsorganisationer (eks. ældrepleje og socialt arbejde), samt i tilknytning til socialøkonomiske virksomheder, hvor begreber som samskabelse og samproduktion bl.a. involverer brug af ulønnet arbejdskraft fra borgere, brugere og pårørende (jf. eksempelvis bidrag af Boje og Andersen i dette nummer). Denne type ulønnet arbejde er ofte båret af en ide om, at arbejdet giver noget immaterielt igen – eksempelvis glæden ved at hjælpe andre, gøre en god gerning, bidrage til en sag, styrke et lokalsamfund eller andet. Men det åbner også for nye interessante spørgsmål omkring eksempelvis latente værdi- og motivationskonfl ikter og praktiske positioner mellem ulønnede ildsjæle og det lønarbejdende personale i organisationerne. Endvidere peger udviklingen i velfærdsorganisationerne mod en stigende forventning til pårørende og familier om at løfte omsorgsopgaver og mod en re-privatisering af omsorgsopgaver, og dermed mod en re-aktualisering af diskussioner om særligt kvinders ulønnede reproduktive arbejde

DNA evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by Greenlandic Paleo-Inuit 4,000 years ago

The demographic history of Greenland is characterized by recurrent migrations and extinctions since the first humans arrived 4,500 years ago. Our current understanding of these extinct cultures relies primarily on preserved fossils found in their archaeological deposits, which hold valuable information on past subsistence practices. However, some exploited taxa, though economically important, comprise only a small fraction of these sub-fossil assemblages. Here we reconstruct a comprehensive record of past subsistence economies in Greenland by sequencing ancient DNA from four well-described midden deposits. Our results confirm that the species found in the fossil record, like harp seal and ringed seal, were a vital part of Inuit subsistence, but also add a new dimension with evidence that caribou, walrus and whale species played a more prominent role for the survival of Paleo-Inuit cultures than previously reported. Most notably, we report evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by the Saqqaq culture 4,000 years ago.Full Tex

DNA evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by Greenlandic Paleo-Inuit 4,000 years ago.

The demographic history of Greenland is characterized by recurrent migrations and extinctions since the first humans arrived 4,500 years ago. Our current understanding of these extinct cultures relies primarily on preserved fossils found in their archaeological deposits, which hold valuable information on past subsistence practices. However, some exploited taxa, though economically important, comprise only a small fraction of these sub-fossil assemblages. Here we reconstruct a comprehensive record of past subsistence economies in Greenland by sequencing ancient DNA from four well-described midden deposits. Our results confirm that the species found in the fossil record, like harp seal and ringed seal, were a vital part of Inuit subsistence, but also add a new dimension with evidence that caribou, walrus and whale species played a more prominent role for the survival of Paleo-Inuit cultures than previously reported. Most notably, we report evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by the Saqqaq culture 4,000 years ago

Nationwide Survival Benefit after Implementation of First-Line Immunotherapy for Patients with Advanced NSCLC—Real World Efficacy

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The expected change in overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after the clinical implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) has not been substantially investigated in large real-world cohorts outside randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In this nationwide study, we compared OS before and after the implementation of ICI and found that 3-year OS tripled from 6% to 18%. Patients receiving ICI had a lower OS than demonstrated in RCTs, except for patients with performance status (PS) 0. More than a fifth of the patients progressed early within the first six ICI cycles. Adverse prognostic factors were PS ≥ 1 and metastases to the bone and liver. ABSTRACT: Background The selection of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment remains challenging. This real-world study aimed to compare the overall survival (OS) before and after the implementation of ICIs, to identify OS prognostic factors, and to assess treatment data in first-line (1L) ICI-treated patients without epidermal growth factor receptor mutation or anaplastic lymphoma kinase translocation. Methods Data from the Danish NSCLC population initiated with 1L palliative antineoplastic treatment from 1 January 2013 to 1 October 2018, were extracted from the Danish Lung Cancer Registry (DLCR). Long-term survival and median OS pre- and post-approval of 1L ICI were compared. From electronic health records, additional clinical and treatment data were obtained for ICI-treated patients from 1 March 2017 to 1 October 2018. Results The OS was significantly improved in the DLCR post-approval cohort (n = 2055) compared to the pre-approval cohort (n = 1658). The 3-year OS rates were 18% (95% CI 15.6–20.0) and 6% (95% CI 5.1–7.4), respectively. On multivariable Cox regression, bone (HR = 1.63) and liver metastases (HR = 1.47), performance status (PS) 1 (HR = 1.86), and PS ≥ 2 (HR = 2.19) were significantly associated with poor OS in ICI-treated patients. Conclusion OS significantly improved in patients with advanced NSCLC after ICI implementation in Denmark. In ICI-treated patients, PS ≥ 1, and bone and liver metastases were associated with a worse prognosis

The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.

Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas

Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans

Despite decades of research, the roles of climate and humans in driving the dramatic extinctions of large-bodied mammals during the Late Quaternary remain contentious. We use ancient DNA, species distribution models and the human fossil record to elucidate how climate and humans shaped the demographic history of woolly rhinoceros, woolly mammoth, wild horse, reindeer, bison and musk ox. We show that climate has been a major driver of population change over the past 50,000 years. However, each species responds differently to the effects of climatic shifts, habitat redistribution and human encroachment. Although climate change alone can explain the extinction of some species, such as Eurasian musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, a combination of climatic and anthropogenic effects appears to be responsible for the extinction of others, including Eurasian steppe bison and wild horse. We find no genetic signature or any distinctive range dynamics distinguishing extinct from surviving species, underscoring the challenges associated with predicting future responses of extant mammals to climate and human-mediated habitat change.This paper is in the memory of our friend and colleague Dr. Andrei Sher, who was a major contributor of this study. Dr Sher died unexpectedly, but his major contributions to the field of Quaternary science will be remembered and appreciated for many years to come. We are grateful to Dr. Adrian Lister and Dr. Tony Stuart for guides and discussions. Thanks to Tina B. Brandt, Dr. Bryan Hockett and Alice Telka for laboratory help and samples and to L. Malik R. Thrane for his work on the megafauna locality database. Data taken from the Stage 3 project was partly funded by Grant #F/757/A from the Leverhulme Trust, together with a grant from the McDonald Grants and Awards Fund. We acknowledge the Danish National Research Foundation, the Lundbeck Foundation, the Danish Council for Independent Research and the US National Science Foundation for financial suppor