The African warlord revisited

To date, warlordism in Africa has been viewed solely negatively. This has come about, in part, because of the analytical lenses that have been used. Typically, warlordism has been examined at the state level; and behavioural traits, rather than definitionally necessary components, have been the focus. In effect, ‘warlord’ has been confused with other violent actors. I suggest here a reconceptualisation ‘from below’, which takes into account variation in types of warlordism, and which allows for both positive and negative effects of warlordism on society and the state

Unwrapping Closed Timelike Curves

Closed timelike curves (CTCs) appear in many solutions of the Einstein equation, even with reasonable matter sources. These solutions appear to violate causality and so are considered problematic. Since CTCs reflect the global properties of a spacetime, one can attempt to change its topology, without changing its geometry, in such a way that the former CTCs are no longer closed in the new spacetime. This procedure is informally known as unwrapping. However, changes in global identifications tend to lead to local effects, and unwrapping is no exception, as it introduces a special kind of singularity, called quasi-regular. This "unwrapping" singularity is similar to the string singularities. We give two examples of unwrapping of essentially 2+1 dimensional spacetimes with CTCs, the Gott spacetime and the Godel universe. We show that the unwrapped Gott spacetime, while singular, is at least devoid of CTCs. In contrast, the unwrapped Godel spacetime still contains CTCs through every point. A "multiple unwrapping" procedure is devised to remove the remaining circular CTCs. We conclude that, based on the two spacetimes we investigated, CTCs appearing in the solutions of the Einstein equation are not simply a mathematical artifact of coordinate identifications, but are indeed a necessary consequence of General Relativity, provided only that we demand these solutions do not possess naked quasi-regular singularities.Comment: 29 pages, 9 figure

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter

This paper describes a search for pairs of neutral, long-lived particles decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter. Long-lived particles occur in many extensions to the Standard Model and may elude searches for new promptly decaying particles. The analysis considers neutral, long-lived scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV, produced from decays of heavy bosons with masses between 125 and 1000 GeV, where the long-lived scalars decay into Standard Model fermions. The analysis uses either 10.8 fb−1 or 33.0 fb−1 of data (depending on the trigger) recorded in 2016 at the LHC with the ATLAS detector in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess is observed, and limits are reported on the production cross section times branching ratio as a function of the proper decay length of the long-lived particles

Estudo das associações genéticas entre perímetro escrotal e características reprodutivas de fêmeas Nelore Genetic association among scrotal circumference and female reproductive traits in Nellore

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar parâmetros genéticos para as características perímetro escrotal (PE), medido aos 12 (PE12, n = 652) e 18 (PE18, n = 607) meses de idade, idade ao primeiro parto (IPP, n = 1582), datas do primeiro (DPP, n = 1582) e segundo partos (DSP, n = 644) e primeiro intervalo de partos (PIP, n = 644) de animais da raça Nelore. Os parâmetros foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, usando-se um modelo animal e incorporando 15.648 informações de pedigree. As estimativas de herdabilidade das análises incluindo somente uma variável foram 0,24±0,10; 0,31±0,10; 0,01±0,03; 0,11±0,05; 0,07±0,08; e 0,10±0,10, respectivamente, para PE12, PE18, IPP, DPP, DSP e PIP. Estas estimativas foram semelhantes às obtidas nas análises em que foram incluídas duas variáveis, com exceção da análise incluindo os dois PE (0,68 e 0,61 para PE12 e PE18, respectivamente). As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre PE12 e IPP, DPP, DSP e PIP foram, respectivamente, -1,00; -0,08; -0,71; e -0,37. Por outro lado, as correlações genéticas entre PE18 e as características observadas nas fêmeas foram, na mesma ordem, -1,00; 0,21; -0,35; e -0,44. A seleção para o PE12 seria mais efetiva que a seleção para o PE18, quando se deseja obter melhorias relacionadas às características reprodutivas das fêmeas.<br>The objectives of this work were to estimate of genetic parameters for scrotal circumference (SC) at 12 (SC12, n = 652) and 18 (SC18, n = 607) months of age, age at first calving (AFC, n = 1,582), first (FCD, n = 1,582) and second (SCD, n = 644) calving dates and first calving interval (FCI, n = 644) in Nellore cattle. Parameters were estimated using REML methodology, with animal models and considering the relations among 15,648 animals. Heritability estimates from univariate analyses were .24±.10, .31±.10, .01±.03, .11±.05, .07±.08 and .10±.10, respectively, for SC12, SC18, AFC, FCD, SCD and FCI. These values were close to the estimates from bivariate analyses, except for the analysis including both SC (heritability estimates of .61 and .68, respectively, for SC12 and SC18). Genetic correlation estimates between SC12 and, respectively, AFC, FCD, SCD and FCI were --1.00, -.08, -.71, and -.37. In the same order, genetic correlation between SC18 and female reproductive traits were --1.00, .21, -.35 and -.44. The selection for SC12 would be more effective than selection for SC18 when trying to improve the reproductive traits of the females