Genome rearrangements and selection in multi-chromosome bacteria Burkholderia spp.

The genus Burkholderia consists of species that occupy remarkably diverse ecological niches. Its best known members are important pathogens, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, which cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Burkholderia genomes are unusual due to their multichromosomal organization, generally comprised of 2-3 chromosomes. We performed integrated genomic analysis of 127 Burkholderia strains. The pan-genome is open with the saturation to be reached between 86,000 and 88,000 genes. The reconstructed rearrangements indicate a strong avoidance of intra-replichore inversions that is likely caused by selection against the transfer of large groups of genes between the leading and the lagging strands. Translocated genes also tend to retain their position in the leading or the lagging strand, and this selection is stronger for large syntenies. Integrated reconstruction of chromosome rearrangements in the context of strains phylogeny reveals parallel rearrangements that may indicate inversion-based phase variation and integration of new genomic islands. In particular, we detected parallel inversions in the second chromosomes of B. pseudomallei with breakpoints formed by genes encoding membrane components of multidrug resistance complex, that may be linked to a phase variation mechanism. Two genomic islands, spreading horizontally between chromosomes, were detected in the B. cepacia group. This study demonstrates the power of integrated analysis of pan-genomes, chromosome rearrangements, and selection regimes. Non-random inversion patterns indicate selective pressure, inversions are particularly frequent in a recent pathogen B. mallei, and, together with periods of positive selection at other branches, may indicate adaptation to new niches. One such adaptation could be a possible phase variation mechanism in B. pseudomallei

Поражение тонкой кишки, ассоциированное с приемом нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), even if short-term, may be associated to small intestinal complications, such as erosions, ulcers and chronic mucosal inflammation. Video capsule endoscopy allows for identification of such lesions in 20 to 55% of the patients who have taken nonselective NSAID for 2 to 4  weeks. The pathophysiology of NSAID-induced enteropathy is related to a reduced reparative potential of the mucosa and abnormalities of the microbial balance in the small intestine. In real world practice, NSAID enteropathy is commonly asymptomatic, and its manifestations, such as bleeding, perforation and ileus, are quite rare (about 0.3 episodes per 100  patient-years). The main manifestation of NSAID enteropathy is chronic iron deficient anemia. The use of rebamipide, sulfasalazine, mesalazine, and rifaximin has been discussed in the treatment of NSAID enteropathy, whereas its prevention implies preferential administration of coxibs, the use of rebamipide and probiotics.Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НПВП) даже при кратковременном использовании способны вызывать осложнения со стороны тонкой кишки с развитием эрозий, язв и хронического воспаления слизистой оболочки. Видеокапсульная эндоскопия позволяет выявлять такие изменения у  20–55%  принимавших неселективные НПВП в  течение 2–4 недель. Патогенез НПВП-энтеропатии связан со снижением репаративного потенциала слизистой оболочки и  нарушениями микробного равновесия тонкой кишки. В  реальной практике НПВП-энтеропатия обычно протекает бессимптомно, манифестные формы  – кровотечения, перфорации и  кишечная непроходимость  – отмечаются довольно редко (примерно 0,3  эпизода на 100  пациентов/лет). Основным проявлением НПВП-энтеропатии становится хроническая железодефицитная анемия. Для лечения НПВП-энтеропатии обсуждается использование ребамипида, сульфасалазина, месалазина и  рифаксимина, для профилактики  – преимущественное использование коксибов, применение ребамипида и пробиотиков

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ АВИАСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РФ, ОСНОВАННАЯ НА ПОЛИТИКЕ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ

The problem of import substitution is one of the most urgent in the modern Russian economy, in particular aircraft construction has become an integral part of the policy of import substitution. The article discusses the main directions of the policy of import substitution in the aviation industry. The problems of the development of this industry, in particular the dependence of aircraft factories on imported components. The process of import substitution formed on the basis of plans to create production of components for the Russian aviation industry is presented.Проблема импортозамещения является одной из самых актуальных в экономике современной России, в частности авиастроение стало важным звеном политики импортозамещения. В статье рассмотрены основные направления импортозамещения в авиационной отрасли. Выделены проблемы развития данной отрасли, в том числе существенная зависимость авиастроительных заводов от импортных комплектующих. Представлен алгоритм процесса импортозамещения, сформированный на основании планов по созданию производств комплектующих изделий для авиапромышленности России

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ АВИАСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РФ, ОСНОВАННАЯ НА ПОЛИТИКЕ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ

The problem of import substitution is one of the most urgent in the modern Russian economy, in particular aircraft construction has become an integral part of the policy of import substitution. The article discusses the main directions of the policy of import substitution in the aviation industry. The problems of the development of this industry, in particular the dependence of aircraft factories on imported components. The process of import substitution formed on the basis of plans to create production of components for the Russian aviation industry is presented.Проблема импортозамещения является одной из самых актуальных в экономике современной России, в частности авиастроение стало важным звеном политики импортозамещения. В статье рассмотрены основные направления импортозамещения в авиационной отрасли. Выделены проблемы развития данной отрасли, в том числе существенная зависимость авиастроительных заводов от импортных комплектующих. Представлен алгоритм процесса импортозамещения, сформированный на основании планов по созданию производств комплектующих изделий для авиапромышленности России

The history of keratoprosthetics in the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution

ABSTRACT The article highlights a 45-year experience in keratoprosthetics at the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution. During this period, more than 1,000 keratoprostheses of different types has been implanted. The design features, advantages and disadvantages of foreign keratoprosthesis – Choyce-1, Choyce-2, H. Cardona «bolt-nut», which were used in the clinic in the first stages of prosthetics of the cornea, are described. There are presented the basic requirements for penetrating keratoprosthesis, which inspired the creation of the own original models of corneal prostheses: Fyodorov-Zuev, Moroz-Glazko, «Mesh», biokeratoprosthesis. This article describes surgical techniques of implantation of various keratoprostrhesis designs in case of thin, irregular leucomas using the method of simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and keratoprosthesis – the transplantation of corneal-prosthetic complex. Intra- and postoperative complications are mentioned as well as methods of their prophylaxis and management. In the paper there are also noted different operations performed simultaneously with keratoprosthesis

Geologic interpretation of the near-infrared images of area SW of Beta Regio taken by the Venus Monitoring Camera

We analyze night-time near-infrared (NIR) images of Beta-Phoebe region obtained with the 1-μm channel of the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard Venus Express. Comparisons with the results of the Magellan radar survey and the model NIR images show that the night-time VMC images provide reliable information on spatial variations of the NIR surface emission. Here we consider if tessera terrain has the different NIR emissivity (and thus mineralogical composition) in com- parison to the surrounding basaltic plains. This is done through the study of an area SW of Beta Regio where there is a massif of tessera terrain, Chimon-mana Tessera, surrounded by supposedly basaltic plains. Our analysis showed that 1-μm emissivity of tessera surface material is by 15 – 35 % lower than that of relatively fresh suppos- edly basaltic lavas of plains and volcanic edifices. This is consistent with hypothesis that the tessera material is not basaltic, maybe felsic, that is in agreement with the results of analyses of VEX VIRTIS and Galileo NIMS data. If the felsic nature of venusian tesserae will be confirmed in further studies this may have important implications on geochemical environments in early history of Venus. We have found that the surface materials of plains in the study area are very variegated in their 1-μm emissivity, which probably reflects variability of degree of their chemical weathering. We have also found a possible decrease of the calculated emissivity at the top of Tuulikki Mons volcano which, if real, may be due to different (more felsic?) composition of volcanic products on the volcano summit

Geologic Analysis of the Surface Thermal Emission Images taken by the VMC Camera, Venus Express

Introduction. The Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard Venus Express takes images in 4 channels, one of which is centered at 1.01 μm. When the camera looks at the night side of Venus, this channel registers thermal emission from the planet surface from mid-southern to mid-northern latitudes [1]. Due to scattering of the emitted radiation in the atmosphere and the cloud layer, the effective spatial resolution in the surface images is ~50 km. Thus, modeling the atmospheric blurring is essential for this work. Here we report results of preliminary analysis of some VMC 1-μm images. Intensity of the surface thermal emission at 1 μm depends strongly on its temperature and thus on surface elevation as well as on surface emissivity and cloud opacity. But emissivity of the surface material depends also on surface texture and mineralogy so the image analysis can provide an information on these parameters. Also, if there is an ongoing volcanic eruption in the camera field of view, it might be noticed on the images