Hybridation d'une pile à combustible par des supercondensateurs : vers une solution passive et directe

La faisabilité des applications à piles à combustible (PAC) a été largement démontrée à travers le monde. Les efforts de recherche portent actuellement sur l'amélioration de la durée de vie des PAC et la diminution de leur coût. A ce jour, une PAC ne tolère pas les variations rapides de charges qui entraînent très souvent son vieillissement prématuré. Pour pallier cette faiblesse, une hybridation avec un composant électrochimique de stockage (typiquement des supercondensateurs) est généralement proposée via un ou deux convertisseurs statiques, nécessitant l'implantation d'une gestion énergétique. Une partie de ces travaux se situe dans le contexte aéronautique et fait suite au projet européen CELINA piloté par AIRBUS. Le projet européen CELINA (2005-2008) a posé la problématique du remplacement de l'éolienne (RAT) actuelle par une pile à combustible pour le réseau électrique de dernier secours sollicité en cas de perte totale des moteurs ou de la génération électrique. Il alimente les charges essentielles : auxiliaires de puissances presque constantes (calculateurs de bord, …) et les actionneurs de vol (EHA, EMA) qui constituent les principaux consommateurs à caractères très intermittents. Cette étude a permis une classification de trois architectures, dont la validation expérimentale se situant dans le cadre du projet français ISS ayant débuté en 2010 sera exposée. L'hybridation directe entre une PAC et des supercondensateurs présente les avantages de ne pas mettre en jeu de convertisseur statique et d'une autogestion énergétique naturelle. Partant du constat que toutes les applications embarquées utilisant des PAC sont hybridées et qu'un développement d'architecture et de stratégies est effectué pour chaque cas (mise au point de convertisseurs, lois de commande, etc.). Ceci représente un travail considérable et systématique, ce qui freine l'implantation des systèmes PAC dans les applications embarquées. L'objectif est alors d'étudier la faisabilité d'un composant hybride unique jouant le rôle de source de puissance et d'énergie dont la gestion énergétique est transparente pour l'utilisateur et ne nécessitant pas l'ajout d'une hybridation supplémentaire pour ces applications. Cette thématique fait l'objet de ces travaux de thèse en collaboration avec la société française HELION Hydrogen Power. Après une présentation de l'introduction des systèmes PAC en aéronautique centrée autour de l'hybridation directe, la suite des travaux regroupe deux grandes thématiques : la première concerne l'étude des interactions entre PAC et supercondensateurs lors d'une association directe selon trois approches : théorique, expérimentale et par simulation. La seconde concerne la validation expérimentale de trois architectures d'hybridation d'un système PAC retenues pour un contexte aéronautique lors d'études précédentes au laboratoire : une architecture indirecte pour laquelle le stockage possède son convertisseur, une architecture indirecte avec stockage sur le bus DC et une architecture directe. L'objectif de ces travaux étant d'augmenter le niveau de maturité technologique de ces concepts, ainsi que de comparer les différents moyens retenus pour parvenir à l'hybridation d'un système PAC suivant des critères précis. ABSTRACT : The feasibility of fuel cell (FC) applications has been demonstrated throughout the world. Research efforts are currently focused on improving the lifetime of the FC and reducing their cost. Until today, a FC does not tolerate rapid variations of load that cause in most cases lifetime reducing. To reduce this defect, hybridization with electrochemical storage component (typically ultracapacitors) is generally suggested via one or two static converters, requiring the implementation of an energy management. Aeronautic applications constitute the framework of these studies. They are the prolongation of studies initiated within the European project CELINA piloted by AIRBUS. The CELINA project (2005-2008) dealt with the replacement of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) which is currently used for the last emergency electrical network in the case of total losses of engines or electrical generation. This emergency network has to supply the essential loads: the piloting auxiliaries (calculators…) consume a quasi-constant power, and the flight actuators (EHA, EMA) which are the main loads whose consumption is very intermittent. This study resulted in a classification of three architectures for which experimental validation in the framework of the French ISS project started since 2010 will be exposed. The direct hybridization between a FC and ultracapacitors has the advantages of not involving static converter and provide a natural energy management. The statement of facts is that all embedded applications using FC are hybridized, architecture and strategies development is performed for each case (development of converters, control laws, etc.). This represents a significant and systematic work, which limits the implementation of FC in embedded applications. In this work, the objective is to study the feasibility of a single hybrid component acting as a power and energy source for which energy management is transparent to the user and does not require the addition of another hybridization. This work is part of collaboration with the French company HELION Hydrogen Power. After a presentation of the insertion of FC in aeronautics centered on the direct hybridization, two major themes are approached: The first concerns the study of interactions between FC and ultracapacitors in a direct association according to three approaches: theoretical, experimental and simulation. The second concerns the experimental validation of three hybridization architectures for FC considered in previous studies in the laboratory: an architecture for which the indirect storage has its converter, an architecture with indirect storage on the DC bus and a direct hybridization architecture. The objective of this work is to increase the level of technological Readiness level of these concepts, and to compare the different ways considered to achieve the hybridization of a fuel cell system according to specific standards

Managing tree species diversity and ecosystem functions through coexistence mechanisms

International audienceAbstractKey messageA better transfer to managers of studies examining the functional role of tree species diversity would be achieved by explicitly addressing two missing links: the effect of management interventions on coexistence mechanisms and the relationships between coexistence mechanisms and ecosystem functions.ContextPlant species diversity has been shown to promote a wide array of ecosystem functions and ecosystem services. However, scientific results concerning relationships between species diversity or species mixing and ecosystem functions have not been well transferred to management practices so far. Part of the problem lies in the difficulty of assessing whether interesting species mixtures can persist over the long term and how management influences ecosystem functions.AimsWe argue that a better transfer of knowledge to managers would be achieved by addressing two missing links: (i) the effect of management interventions on coexistence mechanisms and (ii) the relationships between coexistence mechanisms and ecosystem functions.MethodsTo do so, we first provide a brief overview of the recent scientific results on relations between tree diversity (or two-species mixing) and ecosystem functions, focusing on studies dealing with productivity and stability in forests. We further introduce the key question of whether mixed stands are transient or permanent. We then briefly present key elements of modern coexistence theory and illustrate them with three examples in forest ecosystems. We finish by discussing how management interventions in forests can affect coexistence mechanisms and by addressing some methodological perspectives.ResultsWe provide examples of management actions (e.g. gap-based silviculture, preferentialselection of the most frequent species, preferential selection of the most competitive species, plantingweakly competitive species) that may increase the strength of coexistence mechanisms.ConclusionAnalysing long-term management impacts on species coexistence and ecosystem functions with a combination of long-term monitoring of large permanent plots and mechanistic dynamic model simulations will be useful to develop relevant practices favouring mixed forests in the long term

Hybrid power generation system for aircraft electrical emergency network

A whole structure and two management strategies are proposed here for hybridisation of a Ram air turbine (RAT) by means of supercapacitors. Such hybrid structure is dedicated to an aircraft emergency network. The structure consists in coupling, through a 270 V DC bus, a controlled source (RAT) with a storage device interfaced through a bidirectional DC–DC converter. Both the energy-management strategies are described and analysed: the first one is to assign the ‘high-frequency harmonics’ of the load power to the storage which is current controlled, whereas the RAT controls the bus voltage and then only feeds the average power, losses and low-frequency harmonics of the load. The second one proposes an energy optimised operation of the system: the RAT, being current controlled, is able to maximise the supplied power (maximum power point tracking), as for classical wind turbines. For such a strategy, the bus voltage is regulated from the storage device. The RAT sizing and its mass can then be strongly reduced by means of this hybrid structure controlled with optimised management strategies. Experiments on a lab test-bench confirm analyses presented

Hybridation d'une pile à combustible par des supercondensateurs (vers une solution passive et directe)

La faisabilité des applications à piles à combustible (PAC) a été largement démontrée à travers le monde. Les efforts de recherche portent actuellement sur l'amélioration de la durée de vie des PAC et la diminution de leur coût. A ce jour, une PAC ne tolère pas les variations rapides de charges qui entraînent très souvent son vieillissement prématuré. Pour pallier cette faiblesse, une hybridation avec un composant électrochimique de stockage (typiquement des supercondensateurs) est généralement proposée via un ou deux convertisseurs statiques, nécessitant l'implantation d'une gestion énergétique. Une partie de ces travaux se situe dans le contexte aéronautique et fait suite au projet européen CELINA piloté par AIRBUS. Le projet européen CELINA (2005-2008) a posé la problématique du remplacement de l'éolienne (RAT) actuelle par une pile à combustible pour le réseau électrique de dernier secours sollicité en cas de perte totale des moteurs ou de la génération électrique. Il alimente les charges essentielles : auxiliaires de puissances presque constantes (calculateurs de bord, ) et les actionneurs de vol (EHA, EMA) qui constituent les principaux consommateurs à caractères très intermittents. Cette étude a permis une classification de trois architectures, dont la validation expérimentale se situant dans le cadre du projet français ISS ayant débuté en 2010 sera exposée. L'hybridation directe entre une PAC et des supercondensateurs présente les avantages de ne pas mettre en jeu de convertisseur statique et d'une autogestion énergétique naturelle. Partant du constat que toutes les applications embarquées utilisant des PAC sont hybridées et qu'un développement d'architecture et de stratégies est effectué pour chaque cas (mise au point de convertisseurs, lois de commande, etc.). Ceci représente un travail considérable et systématique, ce qui freine l'implantation des systèmes PAC dans les applications embarquées. L'objectif est alors d'étudier la faisabilité d'un composant hybride unique jouant le rôle de source de puissance et d'énergie dont la gestion énergétique est transparente pour l'utilisateur et ne nécessitant pas l'ajout d'une hybridation supplémentaire pour ces applications. Cette thématique fait l'objet de ces travaux de thèse en collaboration avec la société française HELION Hydrogen Power. Après une présentation de l'introduction des systèmes PAC en aéronautique centrée autour de l'hybridation directe, la suite des travaux regroupe deux grandes thématiques : la première concerne l'étude des interactions entre PAC et supercondensateurs lors d'une association directe selon trois approches : théorique, expérimentale et par simulation. La seconde concerne la validation expérimentale de trois architectures d'hybridation d'un système PAC retenues pour un contexte aéronautique lors d'études précédentes au laboratoire : une architecture indirecte pour laquelle le stockage possède son convertisseur, une architecture indirecte avec stockage sur le bus DC et une architecture directe. L'objectif de ces travaux étant d'augmenter le niveau de maturité technologique de ces concepts, ainsi que de comparer les différents moyens retenus pour parvenir à l'hybridation d'un système PAC suivant des critères précis.The feasibility of fuel cell (FC) applications has been demonstrated throughout the world. Research efforts are currently focused on improving the lifetime of the FC and reducing their cost. Until today, a FC does not tolerate rapid variations of load that cause in most cases lifetime reducing. To reduce this defect, hybridization with electrochemical storage component (typically ultracapacitors) is generally suggested via one or two static converters, requiring the implementation of an energy management. Aeronautic applications constitute the framework of these studies. They are the prolongation of studies initiated within the European project CELINA piloted by AIRBUS. The CELINA project (2005-2008) dealt with the replacement of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) which is currently used for the last emergency electrical network in the case of total losses of engines or electrical generation. This emergency network has to supply the essential loads: the piloting auxiliaries (calculators ) consume a quasi-constant power, and the flight actuators (EHA, EMA) which are the main loads whose consumption is very intermittent. This study resulted in a classification of three architectures for which experimental validation in the framework of the French ISS project started since 2010 will be exposed. The direct hybridization between a FC and ultracapacitors has the advantages of not involving static converter and provide a natural energy management. The statement of facts is that all embedded applications using FC are hybridized, architecture and strategies development is performed for each case (development of converters, control laws, etc.). This represents a significant and systematic work, which limits the implementation of FC in embedded applications. In this work, the objective is to study the feasibility of a single hybrid component acting as a power and energy source for which energy management is transparent to the user and does not require the addition of another hybridization. This work is part of collaboration with the French company HELION Hydrogen Power. After a presentation of the insertion of FC in aeronautics centered on the direct hybridization, two major themes are approached: The first concerns the study of interactions between FC and ultracapacitors in a direct association according to three approaches: theoretical, experimental and simulation. The second concerns the experimental validation of three hybridization architectures for FC considered in previous studies in the laboratory: an architecture for which the indirect storage has its converter, an architecture with indirect storage on the DC bus and a direct hybridization architecture. The objective of this work is to increase the level of technological Readiness level of these concepts, and to compare the different ways considered to achieve the hybridization of a fuel cell system according to specific standards.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

Lower Limb Mechanical Properties: Significant References Omitted

International audienceWe read with attention the recent narrative literature review by Pearson and McMahon [1]. We were very surprised and quite disappointed by the amount of relevant literature omitted by the authors on lower limb mechanical properties and, specifically, how ‘limb stiffness’ could affect performance and risk of injury. Although this review focuses on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness, the more global vertical, leg and joint stiffness (i.e. referred to as limb stiffness, collectively) are also reviewed, as the authors assume that limb stiffness is primarily controlled by MTU stiffness

Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance

International audienceSprint mechanics and field 100-m performances were tested in 13 subjects including 9 non-specialists, 3 French national-level sprinters and a world-class sprinter, to further study the mechanical factors associated with sprint performance. 6-s sprints performed on an instrumented treadmill allowed continuous recording of step kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRF), and belt velocity and computation of mechanical power output and linear force–velocity relationships. An index of the force application technique was computed as the slope of the linear relationship between the decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-resultant GRF and the increase in velocity. Mechanical power output was positively correlated to mean 100-m speed (P0.683; P0.21). Last, anthropometric data of body mass index and lowerlimb- to-height ratio showed no significant correlation with 100-m performance. We concluded that the main mechanical determinants of 100-m performance were (1) a ‘‘velocity-oriented’’ force–velocity profile, likely explained by (2) a higher ability to apply the resultant GRF vector with a forward orientation over the acceleration, and (3) a higher step frequency resulting from a shorter contact time

Impact reduction during running: efficiency of simple acute interventions in recreational runners

International audienceRunning-related stress fractures have been associated with the overall impact intensity, which has recently been described through the loading rate (LR). Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of four acute interventions with specific focus on LR: wearing racing shoes (RACE), increasing step frequency by 10 % (FREQ), adopting a midfoot strike pattern (MIDFOOT) and combining these three interventions (COMBI). Nine rearfoot-strike subjects performed five 5-min trials during which running kinetics, kinematics and spring-mass behavior were measured for ten consecutive steps on an instrumented treadmill. Electromyographic activity of gastrocnemius lateralis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles was quantified over different phases of the stride cycle. LR was significantly and similarly reduced in MIDFOOT (37.4 ± 7.20 BW s(-1), -56.9 ± 50.0 %) and COMBI (36.8 ± 7.15 BW s(-1), -55.6 ± 29.2 %) conditions compared to NORM (56.3 ± 11.5 BW s(-1), both P<0.001). RACE (51.1 ± 9.81 BW s(-1)) and FREQ (52.7 ± 11.0 BW s(-1)) conditions had no significant effects on LR. Running with a midfoot strike pattern resulted in a significant increase in gastrocnemius lateralis pre-activation (208 ± 97.4 %, P<0.05) and in a significant decrease in tibialis anterior EMG activity (56.2 ± 15.5 %, P<0.05) averaged over the entire stride cycle. The acute attenuation of foot-ground impact seems to be mostly related to the use of a midfoot strike pattern and to a higher pre-activation of the gastrocnemius lateralis. Further studies are needed to test these results in prolonged running exercises and in the long term

A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running

International audienceThis study aimed to validate a simple field method for determining force– and power–velocity relationships and mechanical effectiveness of force application during sprint running. The proposed method, based on an inverse dynamic approach applied to the body center of mass, estimates the step-averaged ground reaction forces in runner's sagittal plane of motion during overground sprint acceleration from only anthropometric and spatio-temporal data. Force– and power–velocity relationships, the associated variables, and mechanical effectiveness were determined (a) on nine sprinters using both the proposed method and force plate measurements and (b) on six other sprinters using the proposed method during several consecutive trials to assess the inter-trial reliability. The low bias (<5%) and narrow limits of agreement between both methods for maximal horizontal force (638 ± 84 N), velocity (10.5 ± 0.74 m/s), and power output (1680 ± 280 W); for the slope of the force–velocity relationships ; and for the mechanical effectiveness of force application showed high concurrent validity of the proposed method. The low standard errors of measurements between trials (<5%) highlighted the high reliability of the method. These findings support the validity of the proposed simple method, convenient for field use, to determine power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running

Sprint versus isolated eccentric training: Comparative effects on hamstring architecture and performance in soccer players

Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hamstring eccentric (NHE) strength training versus sprint training programmed as complements to regular soccer practice, on sprint performance and its mechanical underpinnings, as well as biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture. Methods In this prospective interventional control study, sprint performance, sprint mechanics and BFlh architecture variables were compared before versus after six weeks of training during the first six preseason weeks, and between three different random match-pair groups of soccer players: “Soccer group” (n = 10), “Nordic group” (n = 12) and “Sprint group” (n = 10). Results For sprint performance and mechanics, small to large pre-post improvements were reported in “Sprint group” (except maximal running velocity), whereas only trivial to small negative changes were reported in “Soccer group” and “Nordic group”. For BFlh architecture variables, “Sprint” group showed moderate increase in fascicle length compared to smaller augment for the “Nordic” group with trivial changes for “Soccer group”. Only “Nordic” group presented small increases at pennation angle. Conclusions The results suggest that sprint training was superior to NHE in order to increase BFlh fascicle length although only the sprint training was able to both provide a preventive stimulus (increase fascicle length) and at the same time improve both sprint performance and mechanics. Further studies with advanced imaging techniques are needed to confirm the validity of the findings.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The importance of duration and magnitude of force application to sprint performance during the initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity phases

Successful sprinting depends on covering a specific distance in the shortest time possible. Although external forces are key to sprinting, less consideration is given to the duration of force application, which influences the impulse generated. This study explored relationships between sprint performance measures and external kinetic and kinematic performance indicators. Data were collected from the initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity phases of a sprint. Relationships were analysed between sprint performance measures and kinetic and kinematic variables. A commonality regression analysis was used to explore how independent variables contributed to multiple-regression models for the sprint phases. Propulsive forces play a key role in sprint performance during the initial acceleration (r = 0.95 ± 0.03) and transition phases (r = 0.74 ± 0.19), while braking duration plays an important role during the transition phase (r = −0.72 ± 0.20). Contact time, vertical force and peak propulsive forces represented key determinants (r = −0.64 ± 0.31, r = 0.57 ± 0.35 and r = 0.66 ± 0.30, respectively) of maximal velocity phase performance, with peak propulsive force providing the largest unique contribution to the regression model for step velocity. These results clarified the role of force and time variables on sprinting performance