Planeamiento estratégico de la extracción de cobre con enfoque de economía circular

En el presente documento se elaboró el Plan Estratégico en el sector cobre con enfoque en Economía Circular en el Perú. El plan estratégico es resultado de un exhaustivo análisis de los factores externos e internos del sector minero del cobre, que nos permitió identificar cuáles eran las principales oportunidades, amenazas, fortalezas, y debilidades de la industria. Asimismo, a partir de la elaboración de diferentes matrices, se pudieron establecer las estrategias principales para cumplir con los objetivos a largo plazo y sus correspondientes objetivos a corto plazo, con la finalidad de poder alcanzar la visión trazada. El sector del cobre es una industria atractiva y competitiva, cuyo crecimiento ha sido sostenido y por encima al crecimiento económico del país, con oportunidades hacia el año 2017 sobre la base de una importante cartera de proyectos cupríferos, bajo costo de energía, elevadas reservas de cobre y buen posicionamiento del país como tercer mayor productor mundial. Las estrategias propuestas en el plan estratégico se centran en la implementación de procesos de biolixiviación, desarrollar la industrialización de cobre, invertir en fitoremediación, creación de centros de investigación y desarrollo de bacterias lixiviantes, invertir en proyectos de educación, incrementar la inversión en comunidades; con la visión de que al año 2025, el proceso de extracción de cobre en el Perú será reconocido como un referente mundial por su alta productividad y bajos costos, resultados de la aplicación del enfoque de economía circular, satisfaciendo las necesidades de los clientes, colaboradores, comunidades y accionistas, buscando capturar mayor inversión y rentabilidad, orientado al bienestar social y medioambiental.The Strategic Plan of this document is developed in the Peruvian copper sector, with focus on Circular Economy. The strategic plan is the result of a thorough analysis of external and internal factors of the copper mining industry, which allows identifying which are the main opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses of the industry. Also, from the development of different matrices, the result is the main strategies to meet long-term goals and their short-term goals, in order to be able to reach the vision outlined. The copper industry is an attractive and competitive industry, whose growth has been sustained and above the economic growth of the country, with opportunities by the year 2017 based on a large portfolio of copper projects, low cost energy, high reserves copper and good positioning of the country as the third largest producer. The strategies proposed in the strategic plan focus on the implementation of bioleaching processes, invest in phytoremediation, create a State body biomining processes, investing in education and improvement projects infrastructure while maintaining special focus in communities, with the view that the extraction of copper in Peru, with a circular economy model in 2025, is recognized as a world leader for its efficient execution that generate sustainability in the extraction of this metal, meeting the current and potential needs, the environment, customers, employees, society and shareholders sector.Tesi

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030