After the Fire and Rain, Lilly Still Stands.

Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen-Probe, Inc., 296 F.3d 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2002)

Investigating Eutectic Mixtures for Poorly Soluble Compounds

Abstract Improving the solubility and changing the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) AMG 517, glipizide, and naproxen through the preparation of eutectic mixtures was investigated. Mixtures of the API's with other small molecules were prepared to construct a phase diagram used to identify the eutectic mixture compositions. The search for a eutectic mixture in a co-crystal phase diagram was investigated by mixing AMG 517 with known co-crystal formers sorbic acid and trans–cinnamic acid. Glipizide was mixed with a series of amides to investigate the presence of eutectic mixtures, but the thermal instability of the API was such that chemical degradation overwhelmed any other thermal transitions. A phase diagram of naproxen and vanillin was prepared and the composition of the eutectic mixture identified. The eutectic mixture at 0.11 MF naproxen vanillin (11% naproxen/ 89% vanillin) was found to have a melting point of 75 °C. The melt is reversible and thermally stable, as tested by multiple melts and coolings. Further studies are planned to evaluate whether the eutectic mixture may be advantageous to develop. However, expectations are modest due to the small amount of naproxen present in the eutectic mixture

Backyard Bio Security: How Social Media Bridges The Gap Between Urban Chicken Farmers

Urban chicken farming, defined as the practice of keeping a small flock of chickens in an urban or suburban setting for the purpose of this study, has increased in popularity in recent years. The purpose of this study is to examine how well-equipped urban chicken farmers are to care for their chickens, where they get information from, and how they judge that information to be credible. Specifically, the research looks at two diseases, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Virulent Newcastle disease, and whether these urban farmers know about the diseases and can deal with them appropriately based on the information they have gathered during their time farming. Semi-structured interviews that lasted approximately 20 – 30 minutes were conducted from a convenience sample of famers gathered from online posts. The results of the research seem to be that urban chicken farmers primarily use their chickens for eggs and teaching children about “real food.” The chickens are typically seen more as pets than livestock animals, with only a small portion of people understanding the effects of HPAI and Virulent Newcastle disease. As for information gathering, social media is a key source for these urban chicken farmers, though they tend to stay skeptical of the information found on social media sites. Local vets and extension offices are a trusted source of information. Overall, urban chicken farming is growing in popularity, however, to help urban chicken farmers to understand fully the bio-security needs of chickens and overall healthcare, social media should be a primary source where the USDA shares content in relation to this topic.https://scholarworks.moreheadstate.edu/celebration_posters_2021/1017/thumbnail.jp

The effectiveness of national-level containment and closure policies across income levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 113 countries

Despite heterogeneity in income levels, countries implemented similarly strict containment and closure policies to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. This research assesses the effectiveness of these containment and closure policies, which we defined as larger decreases in mobility and smaller COVID-19 case and death growth rates. Using daily data for 113 countries on mobility and cumulative COVID-19 case and death counts over the 130 days between February 15, 2020 and June 23, 2020, we examined changes in mobility, morbidity, and mortality growth rates across the World Bank’s income group classifications. Containment policies correlated with the largest declines in mobility in higher income countries. High-income countries also achieved lower COVID-19 case and death growth rates than low-income countries. This study finds better epidemiological outcomes of containment and closure policies for higher income countries than lower income countries. These findings urge policymakers to consider contextual differences, including levels of economic activity and the structure of the economy, when crafting policies in response to public health emergencies

Software for Automated Interpretation of Mass Spectrometry Data from Glycans and Glycopeptides

The purpose of this review is to provide those interested in glycosylation analysis with the most updated information on the availability of automated tools for MS characterization of N-linked and O-linked glycosylation types. Specifically, this review describes software tools that facilitate elucidation of glycosylation from MS data on the basis of mass alone, as well as software designed to speed the interpretation of glycan and glycopeptide fragmentation from MS/MS data. This review focuses equally on software designed to interpret the composition of released glycans and on tools to characterize N-linked and O-linked glycopeptides. Several websites have been compiled and described that will be helpful to the reader who is interested in further exploring the described tools

An Exploration of Pennsylvania Corrective Action Plans, 2006-2007

With the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), signed into law on January 8, 2002, schools nationwide have been challenged to improve student achievement. Several middle and junior high schools in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were identified as being in need of Corrective Action in 2006 based upon data from the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA). These schools were required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education to create Corrective Action plans using the Getting Results! Framework for School Improvement. Coding the Corrective Action Plans, the researcher analyzed how middle and junior high schools addressed the NCLB policy requirement for change at the school level. The result of this study was the identification of five key areas that schools should address when looking for improvement: communication, instructional practices, curricular cohesion, remediation and safety nets, and school climate