Acute and chronic effects of cadmium on blood homeostasis of an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata, and the modifying effect of salinity

Whole body oxygen consumption and some hemolymph parameters such as pH, partial pressure of gases, level of ions and lactate were measured in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata after both acute (96 h) and chronic (2 weeks) exposure to cadmium at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 6.3 mg/l. In all instances, the crabs developed hemolymph acidosis, but no respiratory (increased PCO2) or lactate increases were evident. Hemolymph levels of sodium and calcium were always increased by cadmium exposure. The chronic toxicity of cadmium was enhanced at 12‰ salinity, even causing a significantly higher mortality in comparison with the higher salinity (30‰) used. A general metabolic arrest took place at 12‰ salinity in the crabs chronically exposed to cadmium, as indicated by decreases of oxygen consumption and PCO2, an increase of PO2, along with no changes in lactate levels. These imbalances were associated with severe necrosis and telangiectasia in the respiratory gills, probably leading to respiratory impairment and finally histotoxic hypoxia and death of the animals

Cyproterone Acetate Quantification In Human Plasma By High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled To Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A specific, fast and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the determination of cyproterone (CYP) acetate (CAS 427-51-0) in human plasma. The retention times were 3.26 and 2.90 min for CYP acetate and its internal standard (I. S.) finasteride (FIN), respectively. The overall mean recovery, using liquid/liquid extraction, was found to be 109.0, 107.7 and 100.3%, for low, mediumand high concentrations, respectively. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.1 - 50.0 ng/ml, and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.1 ng/ml. The LLOQ, 0.1 ng/ml, was sensitive enough for detecting terminal phase concentrations of the drug. Inter-batch precision of the method ranged from 2.2 to 5.55%, while Inter-batch accuracy ranged from 95.5 to 100.0%. Intra-batch precision ranged from 1.8 to 5.6%, while Intra-batch accuracy ranged from 92.0 to 99.4% at concentrations of 0.3 ng/ml, 20.0 and 40.0 ng/ml. The developed method was applied to a bioequivalenc study of CYP acetate in a group of 44 female volunteers at a single oral dose of a 2 mg tablet, in a combination of ethinylestradiol/CYP acetate (0.25/2 mg). The plasma concentration of CYP acetate did not differ significantly after administration of both formulations (test formulation and the reference one). The geometric mean and respective 90% CI of CYP acetate test/reference percent ratios were 90.66 % (84.39-97.40%) for Cmax and 96.20 % (90.45-102.33 %) for AUC0-t. © ECV Editio Cantor Verlag.597335344Baumann, A., Kulmann, H., Gorkov, V., Mahler, M., Kuhnz, W., Radioimmunological analysis of cyproterone acetate in human serum. 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