The preparation and properties of pyrolytic graphite

The use of the Ettingshausen effect as an alternative to thermoelectric effects for the production of useful cooling at low temperatures is discussed, and the reasons leading to the investigation of pyrolytic graphite as a possible material for Ettingshausen cooling are given. The Brown and Watt method for the deposition of pyrolytic graphite was successfully developed to enable good quality deposits with consistent properties to be obtained using surface deposition temperatures of 2200 C and propane as the hydrocarbon gas. The work showed the importance of the temperature gradient developed across the deposit in this method of growth. The temperature profile was estimated and the properties of the material showed good agreement with the values obtained in other workers' annealing studies. One particular bar of pyrolytic graphite was cleaved into a number of sections and its properties studied as a function of the effective formation temperature. Measurements were made of the a-direction thermal conductivity in the temperature range 70 to 300 K and of the crystallite preferred orientation. The thermal conductivity results were used to estimate the crystallite sizes and the values obtained agreed well with those obtained from the saturation of the mobility. The crystallite size was also measured directly by x-ray line broadening. A variance method was used to separate the strain component of the broadening. X-ray determinations of the crystallite size have always in the past yielded low values, but the. use of the proper correction for stacking faults gave good agreement with the in direct estimates. A thermal activation energy of 5-9 eV was obtained for crystallite growth. The graphitisation process is discussed and it is suggested that better quality material than any produced so far could be obtained by annealing highly oriented soot-free deposits at high temperatures. An upper limit of 100 μm is set for the crystallite size of such material produced at 3500 C. It is concluded that in the absence of phonon drag effects graphite is unlikely to be a suitable material for Ettingshausen cooling

Contracts in Context and Contracts as Context

The annual Business Law Symposium of the Wake Forest Law Review has a distinguished legacy of noteworthy programs that shed light on seminal issues affecting contemporary business in the United States. This edition builds on that tradition of excellence with a focus on the ubiquitous phenomenon of contracts and bargaining behavior. Contract law appears as a set of policies and rules that provide order for those who transact bargains. Indeed, contract law and the rules that it engenders seemingly facilitate an efficient system of transactional conduct that, on its face, appears objective. Part II of this introductory Article briefly examines the most popular, unitary theories of law. It questions any one theory\u27s explanatory power over the breadth of contract issues and types of contracts. It supports the idea that each theory of contract can be used to explain certain contract rules, but not contract law as a whole. This Symposium buttresses this idea with the collective view that contract law can best be described and guided through a context-driven inquiry. A contextual theory of contract law recognizes the need for flexible rules for different contractual contexts and the elastic application of those rules across contexts. A contextual theory of contract law also recognizes a number of phenomena. First, contract interpretation, through the lens of context, should be used to regulate influences that question the purity of the freedom of contract upon which most agreements are based. Second, the construct of contract has been creatively applied to areas that are not immediately envisioned within the body of contract law. Part III then examines the different uses of context that illustrate the relationship between contract law and society. It notes that “contract in context,” for the purposes of the Symposium, is broadly defined. This Part provides a taxonomy of contract law in context that includes internal and external perspectives. Part III recognizes that societal context frames contract law, but also observes that contract law can frame the private ordering of society. This two-way flow of context, between the greater socioeconomic-cultural sphere and contract as context, analyzes the relationship of contract types and the contextual interpretation of contracts. It concludes by examining the relationship of context to paternalism and consent. Part IV then notes the role of power and identity in the formation and interpretation of contracts, and contract law\u27s shortcomings in recognizing such influences in the search for contractual justice. Finally, Part V introduces the works presented at the Symposium

Contracts in Context and Contracts as Context

The annual Business Law Symposium of the Wake Forest Law Review has a distinguished legacy of noteworthy programs that shed light on seminal issues affecting contemporary business in the United States. This edition builds on that tradition of excellence with a focus on the ubiquitous phenomenon of contracts and bargaining behavior. Contract law appears as a set of policies and rules that provide order for those who transact bargains. Indeed, contract law and the rules that it engenders seemingly facilitate an efficient system of transactional conduct that, on its face, appears objective. Part II of this introductory Article briefly examines the most popular, unitary theories of law. It questions any one theory\u27s explanatory power over the breadth of contract issues and types of contracts. It supports the idea that each theory of contract can be used to explain certain contract rules, but not contract law as a whole. This Symposium buttresses this idea with the collective view that contract law can best be described and guided through a context-driven inquiry. A contextual theory of contract law recognizes the need for flexible rules for different contractual contexts and the elastic application of those rules across contexts. A contextual theory of contract law also recognizes a number of phenomena. First, contract interpretation, through the lens of context, should be used to regulate influences that question the purity of the freedom of contract upon which most agreements are based. Second, the construct of contract has been creatively applied to areas that are not immediately envisioned within the body of contract law. Part III then examines the different uses of context that illustrate the relationship between contract law and society. It notes that “contract in context,” for the purposes of the Symposium, is broadly defined. This Part provides a taxonomy of contract law in context that includes internal and external perspectives. Part III recognizes that societal context frames contract law, but also observes that contract law can frame the private ordering of society. This two-way flow of context, between the greater socioeconomic-cultural sphere and contract as context, analyzes the relationship of contract types and the contextual interpretation of contracts. It concludes by examining the relationship of context to paternalism and consent. Part IV then notes the role of power and identity in the formation and interpretation of contracts, and contract law\u27s shortcomings in recognizing such influences in the search for contractual justice. Finally, Part V introduces the works presented at the Symposium

Experiences of parent-infant teams among mothers diagnosed with perinatal mental health difficulties

Background: Disrupted parent-infant bonds can have a negative impact on childhood development. In the United Kingdom, parent-infant teams can offer support to parents (most commonly mothers) to help strengthen parent-infant relationships. However, little is known about women’s experiences of these teams. This study aimed to explore experiences of support from parent-infant teams among mothers diagnosed with perinatal mental health difficulties. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven mothers who had had been referred to and/or accessed a National Health Service parent-infant team. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Women reported occasional difficulties accessing parent-infant services, particularly when they were left to contact services/follow up referrals themselves. However, once accessed mothers valued consistent, regular support with a therapist who was empathic and accepting of their difficult feelings. Some women saw therapists as resembling ‘mother figures’ and appreciated a feeling of being cared for. However, at times women felt there was an overemphasis on the role of the mother and mother-infant bond, and a disregard of fathers and other family members. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that mothers value support from parent-infant teams. However, clinicians need to ensure they do not inadvertently reinforce problematic gender norms and narratives when offering support

Oscillations in the expression of a self-repressed gene induced by a slow transcriptional dynamics

We revisit the dynamics of a gene repressed by its own protein in the case where the transcription rate does not adapt instantaneously to protein concentration but is a dynamical variable. We derive analytical criteria for the appearance of sustained oscillations and find that they require degradation mechanisms much less nonlinear than for infinitely fast regulation. Deterministic predictions are also compared with stochastic simulations of this minimal genetic oscillator

Oscillations in the expression of a self-repressed gene induced by a slow transcriptional dynamics

We revisit the dynamics of a gene repressed by its own protein in the case where the transcription rate does not adapt instantaneously to protein concentration but is a dynamical variable. We derive analytical criteria for the appearance of sustained oscillations and find that they require degradation mechanisms much less nonlinear than for infinitely fast regulation. Deterministic predictions are also compared with stochastic simulations of this minimal genetic oscillator

Fault Diagnosis for Complex Systems Using Coloured Petri Nets

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