INFLUENCE OF BED ROUGHNESS AND CROSS SECTION GEOMETRY ON MEDIUM AND MAXIMUM VELOCITY RATIO IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

The paper deals with the analytic-theoretical derivation of the relationships between the entropic quantity Φ(M), representing the ratio between the mean and maximum flow velocity, and the relative submergence and aspect ratio, using classical open channel flow equations. Φ(M) is found to be highly dependent on the relative submergence when large or intermediate roughness scale occur, while it might be assumed almost constant for a small roughness scale. Furthermore, considering the hydraulic geometry relationships, it is attempted to relate the relative submergence to the aspect ratio of flow through a log-relationship whose coefficients depend on the local bed slope, with an important implication for hydrological practices. Then, a practical relation between Φ(M) and aspect ratio is proposed and validated in the operative chain for discharge assessment, showing high robustness and stability. The proposed model has been applied to a set of experimental velocity data collected in gaged river sites with different geometric and hydraulic characteristics as well as low, medium and high flows

Discharge estimation combining flow routing and occasional measurements of velocity

A new procedure is proposed for estimating river discharge hydrographs during flood events, using only water level data at a single gauged site, as well as 1-D shallow water modelling and occasional maximum surface flow velocity measurements. One-dimensional diffusive hydraulic model is used for routing the recorded stage hydrograph in the channel reach considering zero-diffusion downstream boundary condition. Based on synthetic tests concerning a broad prismatic channel, the “suitable” reach length is chosen in order to minimize the effect of the approximated downstream boundary condition on the estimation of the upstream discharge hydrograph. The Manning’s roughness coefficient is calibrated by using occasional instantaneous surface velocity measurements during the rising limb of flood that are used to estimate instantaneous discharges by adopting, in the flow area, a two-dimensional velocity distribution model. Several historical events recorded in three gauged sites along the upper Tiber River, wherein reliable rating curves are available, have been used for the validation. The outcomes of the analysis can be summarized as follows: (1) the criterion adopted for selecting the “suitable” channel length based on synthetic test studies has proved to be reliable for field applications to three gauged sites. Indeed, for each event a downstream reach length not more than 500m is found to be sufficient, for a good performances of the hydraulic model, thereby enabling the drastic reduction of river cross-sections data; (2) the procedure for Manning’s roughness coefficient calibration allowed for high performance in discharge estimation just considering the observed water levels and occasional measurements of maximum surface flow velocity during the Correspondence to: G. Corato ([email protected]) rising limb of flood. Indeed, errors in the peak discharge magnitude, for the optimal calibration, were found not exceeding 5% for all events observed in the three investigated gauged sections, while the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was, on average, greater than 0.95. Therefore, the proposed procedure well lend itself to be applied for: (1) the extrapolation of rating curve over the field of velocity measurements (2) discharge estimations in different cross sections during the same flood event using occasional surface flow velocity measures carried out, for instance, by hand-held radar sensors

Calcolo della portata di piena con modello bidimensionale non lineare

Si propone un modello bidimensionale di trasformazione afflussi-deflussi per il calcolo della piena in una sezione di un corso d\u2019acqua. Il bacino idrografico \ue8 rappresentato da una mesh triangolare non strutturata. L\u2019input del modello \ue8 costituito dalle piogge lorde, trasformate in piogge nette mediante l\u2019equazione integrata di Horton. Il calcolo della propagazione idraulica nei diversi rami della rete idrografica consente di abbandonare le ipotesi di stazionariet\ue0 e di linearit\ue0, ordinariamente adottate nell\u2019idrologia delle piene. Il modello proposto viene calibrato ed applicato ad un bacino idrografico di un affluente del fiume Tevere per il quale si dispongono di alcuni idrogrammi di piena e delle relative piogge

Progettazione di una cassa d’espansione e determinazione della riduzione del rischio idraulico con modellazione 2D

Nell’articolo si studia l’effetto di una cassa d’espansione posta a monte di un’area fluviale soggetta a rischio idraulico. Lo strumento utilizzato è un software bidimensionale sviluppato per simulare la propagazione delle piene fluviali. Il dominio di calcolo è rappresentato da una mesh triangolare non strutturata con una maggiore densità di elementi all’interno dell’alveo e nelle zone immediatamente limitrofe. Per facilitare gli accumuli temporanei di parte dei volumi di piena, si ipotizza la costruzione di un restringimento dell’alveo per mezzo di due pareti verticali che avvicinano le sponde fluviali. Durante la piena, il passaggio per lo stato critico nel restringimento provoca un rigurgito a monte, e quindi un agevole riempimento della cassa d’espansione. La perimetrazione di tale cassa è definita con la costruzione di un rilevato arginale di adeguata altezza. Per meglio simulare il rigurgito a monte della strozzatura, si introduce una scabrezza equivalente negli elementi della strozzatura, per riprodurre le perdite di carico nel restringimento e nel successivo risalto idraulico, malgrado l’ipotesi diffusiva utilizzata nel software di calcolo. La conoscenza delle aree allagate in due eventi di piena storici e dei due relativi idrogrammi di piena, ha consentito la determinazione del coefficiente di Manning quale misura della scabrezza in alveo e fuori alveo. Mediante l’applicazione del modello proposto è possibile validare sia il posizionamento degli argini a monte del restringimento per il contenimento della piena, sia la riduzione delle aree di valle soggette a rischio idraulico

Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management

A framework for a comprehensive synthetic rainfall-runoff database was developed to study catchment response to a variety of rainfall events. The framework supports effective flood risk assessment and management and implements simple approaches. It consists of three flexible components, a rainfall generator, a continuous rainfallrunoff model, and a database management system. The system was developed and tested at two gauged river sections along the upper Tiber River (central Italy). One of the main questions was to investigate how simple such approaches can be applied without impairing the quality of the results. The rainfall-runoff model was used to simulate runoff on the basis of a large number of rainfall events. The resulting rainfallrunoff database stores pre-simulated events classified on the basis of the rainfall amount, initial wetness conditions and initial discharge. The real-time operational forecasts follow an analogue method that does not need new model simulations. However, the forecasts are based on the simulation results available in the rainfall-runoff database (for the specific class to which the forecast belongs). Therefore, the database can be used as an effective tool to assess possible streamflow scenarios assuming different rainfall volumes for the following days. The application to the study site shows that magnitudes of real flood events were appropriately captured by the database. Further work should be dedicated to introduce a component for taking account of the actual temporal distribution of rainfall events into the stochastic rainfall generator and to the use of different rainfall-runoff models to enhance the usability of the proposed procedure

A physically based approach for the estimation of root-zone soil moisture from surface measurements

Abstract. In the present work, we developed a new formulation for the estimation of the soil moisture in the root zone based on the measured value of soil moisture at the surface. It was derived from a simplified soil water balance equation for semiarid environments that provides a closed form of the relationship between the root zone and the surface soil moisture with a limited number of physically consistent parameters. The method sheds lights on the mentioned relationship with possible applications in the use of satellite remote sensing retrievals of soil moisture. The proposed approach was used on soil moisture measurements taken from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) databases. The AMMA network was designed with the aim to monitor three so-called mesoscale sites (super sites) located in Benin, Mali, and Niger using point measurements at different locations. Thereafter the new formulation was tested on three additional stations of SCAN in the state of New Mexico (US). Both databases are ideal for the application of such method, because they provide a good description of the soil moisture dynamics at the surface and the root zone using probes installed at different depths. The model was first applied with parameters assigned based on the physical characteristics of several sites. These results highlighted the potential of the methodology, providing a good description of the root-zone soil moisture. In the second part of the paper, the model performances were compared with those of the well-known exponential filter. Results show that this new approach provides good performances after calibration with a set of parameters consistent with the physical characteristics of the investigated areas. The limited number of parameters and their physical interpretation makes the procedure appealing for further applications to other regions

Integrazione di metodologie dirette ed indirette per la stima degli idrogrammi di piena in alvei naturali

Le metodologie attualmente disponibili per la misura di pieno campo delle portate possono essere classificate in base al tipo di sensore utilizzato ed al numero delle stazioni idrometriche. Per ognuna delle possibili tipologie vengono presentate le tecniche di analisi più recenti e delineati possibili sviluppi futuri. Viene quindi introdotta una nuova metodologia, basata sull’integrazione di misure dirette ed indirette. Nell’approccio proposto la portata viene calcolata come valore al contorno di monte di un modello di propagazione 1D a cui vengono assegnati i tiranti di monte quale condizione misurata. Il modello viene calibrato attraverso sporadiche misure istantanee di velocità, consentendo di pervenire ad una registrazione continua delle portate mediante l’ausilio delle sole osservazioni dei tiranti in una sola stazione di misura. L’approccio è validato attraverso serie storiche di tiranti e di portate misurate in una stazione idrometrica del Fiume Tevere

Toward the estimation of river discharge variations using MODIS data in ungauged basins

This study investigates the capability of the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate river discharge, even for ungauged sites. Because of its frequent revisits (as little as every 3 h) and adequate spatial resolution (250 m), MODIS bands 1 and 2 have significant potential for mapping the extent of flooded areas and estimating river discharge even for medium-sized basins. Specifically, the different behaviour of water and land in the Near Infrared (NIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is exploited by computing the ratio (C/M) of the MODIS channel 2 reflectance values between two pixels located within (M) and outside (C), but close to, the river. The values of C/M increase with the presence of water and, hence, with discharge. Moreover, in order to reduce the noise effects due to atmospheric contribution, an exponential smoothing filter is applied, thus obtaining C/M⁎. Time series of hourly mean flow velocity and discharge between 2005 and 2011 measured at four gauging stations located along the Po river (Northern Italy) are employed for testing the capability of C/M⁎ to estimate discharge/flow velocity. Specifically, the meanders and urban areas are considered the best locations for the position of the pixels M and C, respectively. Considering the optimal pixels, the agreement between C/M⁎ and discharge/flow velocity is fairly good with values in the range of 0.65–0.77. Additionally, the application to ungauged sites is tested by deriving a unique regional relationship between C/M⁎ and flow velocity valid for the whole Po river and providing only a slight deterioration of the performance. Finally, the sensitivity of the results to the selection of the C and M pixels is investigated by randomly changing their location. Also in this case, the agreement with in situ observations of velocity is fairly satisfactory (r ~ 0.6). The obtained results demonstrate the capability of MODIS to monitor discharge (and flow velocity). Therefore, its application for a larger number of sites worldwide will be the object of future studies

Utilizzo di un modello diffusivo 2D di acque basse PER LA simulazione in tempo reale di scenari di inondazioni

I recenti cambiamenti climatici e le sempre più frequenti inondazioni rendono particolarmente attuale l’utilizzo di sistemi di allerta per facilitare l’evacuazione precoce della popolazione e la messa in sicurezza dei beni. I suddetti sistemi sono basati in parte sulla previsione a breve termine delle piogge, in parte sulla stima del processo di trasformazione afflussi-deflussi e della propagazione dell’onda di piena. Nella presente memoria il modello diffusivo MAST 2D ad avanzamento spaziale e temporale già proposto da alcuni degli autori viene ulteriormente migliorato per una più rapida soluzione ed una migliore adattabilità all’uso del calcolo parallelo. Viene introdotta una nuova soluzione semi-analitica della componente convettiva del problema, con una notevole riduzione del corrispondente sforzo computazionale. La componente diffusiva viene discretizzata nello spazio e nel tempo con una procedura classica agli elementi finiti che si traduce, ad ogni passo temporale, in un sistema lineare ben condizionato che può essere risolto efficacemente anche con l’ausilio del calcolo parallelo. Il modello è stato implementato nel sistema di allerta precoce del fiume Genna, in Umbria. Gli idrogrammi di piena previsti a breve termine sulla base delle pioggie misurate sono utilizzati quali condizione al contorno di monte del modello, il cui dominio ricopre la superficie potenzialmente inondabile per tutto il tratto considerato a rischio idraulico. Il tempo di calcolo necessario a simulare accuratamente la propagazione della piena è un decimo della durata dell’idrogramma di piena e ancor più piccolo rispetto all’anticipo delle previsioni di pioggia rispetto al verificarsi dell’inondazione

Clinical and Epidemiological Study on Tubercular Uveitis in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Italy

PURPOSE: To describe frequency, clinical characteristics, and visual prognosis of tubercular uveitis (TBU) in a nonendemic country. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 3743 charts of patients with endogenous uveitis visited from 2008 to 2018 at a tertiary referral centre in Rome, Italy. We included immunocompetent patients with diagnosis of TBU. Patients were divided in two groups: patients with history of uveitis without a previous diagnosis of TBU (group A) and patients at their first episode of TB uveitis (group B). RESULTS: TBU was diagnosed in 28 (0.75%) out of 3743 patients. Twelve (42.9%) patients came from tuberculosis endemic areas. All patients received specific antitubercular treatment (ATT) and were evaluated for a mean follow-up of 3.2 ± 2.9 years. Group A showed a greater number of ocular complications when compared with group B. ATT was effective in reducing the frequency of recurrences of uveitis in patients of group B. CONCLUSION: Intraocular inflammation can be the first manifestation of tuberculosis. Our data highlight that early diagnosis and specific treatment of TBU may allow to decrease recurrences and to improve visual outcomes