Análisis de las diferencias cuantitativas de la técnica entre los alumnos de una escuela de enseñanza de la natación

El estudio se centró en la evaluación cuantitativa de la técnica natatoria de los alumnos de una escuela de natación donde se llevó a cabo un programa de aprendizaje por niveles de ejecución, cuyos alumnos tenían una media de edad de 7 años. Diferentes variables técnicas cuantitativas y antropométricas fueron recogidas, diferenciando entre género y  grupo según nivel de ejecución. Se hizo un análisis cuantitativo de las variables técnicas dependientes: velocidad (V), frecuencia de ciclo (F), y longitud de ciclo (L) de los distintos estilos: crol (C), espalda (E) y batido de crol con tabla (bC) junto con características antropométricas como el peso, la talla y la envergadura según género y  la edad. Los resultados  muestran cómo a estas edades no se obtienen diferencias significativas entre géneros ni entre niveles de ejecución en muchas de las variables. No se observó relación entre los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos y la distribución  cualitativa, según nivel de ejecución, de cada uno de los nadadores

Anàlisi de les diferències quantitatives de la tècnica entre els alumnes d’una escola d’ensenyament de la natació

L’estudi es va centrar en l’avaluació quantitativa de la tècnica natatòria dels alumnes d’una escola de natació on es va portar a terme un programa d’aprenentatge per nivells d’execució, els alumnes de la qual tenien una mitjana d’edat de 7 anys. Van ser recollides diferents variables tècniques quantitatives i antropomètriques, i es va diferenciar entre gènere i grup, segons el nivell d’execució. Es va fer una anàlisi quantitativa de les variables tècniques dependents: velocitat (V), freqüència de cicle (F), i longitud de cicle (L) dels diferents estils: crol (C), esquena(E) i batuda de crol amb planxa (bC) junt amb característiques antropomètriques com el pes, la talla i l’envergadura, segons el gènere i l’edat. Els resultats mostren que en aquestes edats no s’obtenen diferències significatives entre gèneres ni entre nivells d’execució en moltes de les variables. No es va observar relació entre els resultats quantitatius obtinguts i la distribució qualitativa, segons el nivell d’execució, de cada un dels nedadors

Regression analysis model applied to age-group swimmers: 50m race component times analysis

This investigation aimed to develop a regression model of the Race Component evolution in a large sample of regional age-group Spanish swimmers in 50 m freestyle. Subjects were 280 regional swimmers selected of different club (with an age range of 9 to 22 year) and the swimmers were divided into a five competitive categories. The time spent starting (ST), the time spent stroking (STT1 - STT2), the time spent turning (TT) and the time spent finishing (FT) were used for analysis. Inverse function approximation of the partials times by aging and was carried out. Furthermore, the analysis regression of partials times and event time for age and genders were calculated respectively. It seems that the times of swimmer studied have a tendency to resemble of internationals swimmer´s times. The estimation formula applied was different time according to gender. The crossing age in the swimming partials times were about 12-14 years old. At this age begin to differentiate the performed and swim times between boys and girls.This project DEP 2014-59707-P “SWIM: Specific Water Innovative Measurements applied to the development of International Swimmers in Short Swimming Events (50 and 100M) has been financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [Spanish Agency of Research] and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Estudi comparatiu de les proves eliminatòries i finals de 100 metres en nedadors andalusos de grups d’edat

L’estudi va tenir com a objectiu analitzar les possibles diferències en els resultats de les sèries eliminatòries i finals en les proves de 100 m, obtinguts durant els campionats Infantils d’Andalusia de Natació. Els nedadors pertanyien a la categoria de 13-14 anys femenina i 15-16 anys masculina. Van ser recollides diferents variables temporals i cinemàtiques: velocitat (V), freqüència de cicle (Fc), longitud de cicle (Lc) i índex de cicle (Ic) dels diferents estils: crol (C), esquena (E), braça (B) i papallona (P); es va realitzar una anàlisi comparativa segons gènere, estil de natació i eliminatòries o finals. Els resultats mostren que en aquestes  edats de competició s’obtenen diferències significatives entre gèneres i entre sèries eliminatòries i finals en les variables analitzades; les diferències entre l’edat i la variable Lc són les principals conseqüències de les diferències trobades entre ambdós gèneres

post high intensity pull-over semi-tethered swimming potentiation in national competitive swimmers

BacKGround: The swimming community has shown considerable interest in using dry-land warm-ups as a method of impacting perfor- mance. This study compared the effects of high-resistance pull-over and swimming warm-up in semi-tethered resisted swimming. MeThodS: an incremental-load semi-tethered swimming test was individually administered in 20 national-competitive swimmers to deter- mine the load maximizing swimming power. in different sessions, participants tested such a load 6 min after a swimming warm-up (SWu) or a dry-land warm-up (dlWu: 3 pull-over reps at 85% of the one-repetition maximum). Kinetic variables (velocity, force, acceleration, impulse, power rate of force development [rfd] and intra-cycle variation), were obtained with a linear encoder through trapezoidal integration regarding time. Kinematic variables (distance, time, stroke-rate and stroke-length), were obtained by video recordings. The differences between protocols were observed by paired-samples t-test (ANOVA). Pearson’s coefficient explored correlations between kinetics and kinematics variables; sig- nificance was set at P<0.05. reSulTS: dlWu increased rfd (34.52±16.55 vs. 31.29±13.70 N/s; Δ=9.35%) and stroke-rate (64.70±9.84 vs. 61.56±7.07 Hz; Δ=5.10%) compared to SWu, but decreased velocity, force, acceleration, impulse and power. during the incremental-load test velocity and power were higher than obtained after SWu (1.21±0.14 vs. 1.17±0.12 m/s; Δ=3.06%), (51.38±14.93 vs. 49.98±15.40 W; Δ=2.72%), suggesting enhance- ments prompted by the test itself. Correlations between stroke-length with impulse (r=0.76) and power (r=0.75) associated kinetics with kine- matics. CONCLUSIONS: Potentiation responses were present after the dry-land warm-up. However, swimmers may benefit more from submaximal prolonged conditioning activities such as resisted swimming rather than high-resistance dry-land sets to obtain performance enhancements

Effect of joint physical activity on the physical condition of parents and children

Family physical activity can have beneficial effects on the physical condition of parents and children. Method: Uncontrolled longitudinal intervention study. 152 children aged 3 to 10 years (79 Boys: 5.60 ± 2.20 yr., 73 Girls: 6.90 ± 2.20 yr.) and 112 parents aged 30 to 40 years (36 Parents: 41.87 ± 4.45 yr.; 76 Mothers: 40.01 ± 2.96 yr.). They carried out 2 hours of joint activity on a weekly basis from October to June. Physical fitness was assessed by ALPHA-Fitness and PRE-FIT batteries at the beginning and end of the intervention. A descriptive analysis and a t-student for paired variables were performed. Results: The 3-6-year-old girls improved the Standing long jump (33.50 ± 10.61 vs 78.11 ± 8.64 cm) * and the 20 m shuttle run test (7.00 ± 2, 83 vs. 22.50 ± 0.71) *, (*p <0.05). Girls over 6 years of age decreased in Handgrip strength and 4x10 m shuttle run test (15.84 ± 1.21 vs 16.95 ± 83) * but improved in the 20 m shuttle run test (13.97 ± 5.48 vs 23.09 ± 7.49) *, (*p <0.05). The parents improved their BMI (25.04 ± 2.60 vs 24.19 ± 1.50)*, the right Handgrip strength (37.02 ± 10.25 vs 41.17 ± 9.57 kg)*, the Standing long jump (156.17 ± 31.48 vs 181.00 ± 28.82 cm)*, 4x10 m shuttle run test (12.95 ± 1.30 vs 12.11 ± 1.09 s)* in the 20 m shuttle run test (37.90 ± 20.43 vs 54.20 ± 9.51 turns)*, (* p <0.05). Conclusion: A physical exercise based on joint family activity produces improvements in some variables related to the physical condition of the girls and in the parents. Implication: Parents should exercise and plan family sports activities if they want their child to be active

Swimming with Swimsuit and Wetsuit at Typical vs. cold-water Temperatures (26 vs. 18 ℃)

The study aimed to compare three swimming conditions in a swimming flume with water at 26ºC (using swimsuit) and 18ºC (randomly with swimsuit and wetsuit). Seventeen swimmers (32.4±14.7 years old, 175.6±0.06cm height, and 70.4±9.8kg body mass) performed the three bouts until exhaustion at 400m front crawl pace (24h intervals). ANOVA repeated measures compared the experimental conditions. Swimming at 26ºC with swimsuit evidenced a higher metabolic demand (total energy expenditure; (E)), comparing to 18ºC swimsuit (p=0.05) and with 18ºC wetsuit (p=0.04). The 26ºC swimsuit condition presented higher peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentrations ([La-]peak), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate (HRmax), anaerobic lactic energy (AnL), E, energy cost (C), VO2 amplitude (Ap), and stroke rate (SR), but lower stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) than 18ºC wetsuit. The 18ºC swimsuit condition (comparing to wetsuit) lead to higher V̇O2peak, [La-]peak, HRmax, E, C, Ap, and SR but lower SL and SI. Swimming at aerobic power intensity with swim and wetsuit at 18ºC does not induce physiologic and biomechanical disadvantages comparing to 26ºC, The results suggested that the use of wetsuit might increase performance at 18ºC water temperature for competitive master swimmers. Thus, its use is recommended in open water swimming competitions when the water temperature is 18-20ºC

Effects of the “MAMI Deporte®” Family Sports Program on Parents’ Motivation towards Sport Participation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention

As most parents do not meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, new PA promotion strategies need to be developed considering the role of motivation as an essential underlying factor of PA behavior. Recreational sports programs practiced in the family would represent an effective strategy to promote PA for the entire family in general, and for parents in particular. Building upon self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Active Methodology for Improving Sports Initiation (MAMI Deporte®) program on parents’ behavioral regulation. The participants were 58 parents (50% men) and 78 children (48.71% boys), who were randomized into a control group (29 parents and 39 children), which followed its habitual sports activity over 8 months, and an experimental group (29 parents and 39 children), which completed the MAMI Deporte® program. Specifically, the MAMI Deporte® program focused on simultaneous participation between parents and children in multisports activities, including 32 lessons distributed into 2 h/week for 8 months. Pre-and-post-intervention measures were collected. The results showed significant differences in the parents’ level of intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation and introjected regulation in favor of the experimental group. Nonsignificant effects were found for gender. These results were discussed, highlighting the internalization process of the value of sport in the family experienced by parents after the MAMI Deporte® family-based sports program.University of Granada 15-8

Postactivation potentiation in sprint swimming performance

Introduction: In sprint swimming, every instant is critical. Nowadays, is common to see how sprint swimmers prepare for racing by activating themselves on many different ways such as doing ballistic stretching, by increasing their breathing and heart rate, or by strongly clapping their chest or limbs. Therefore, it cannot be rejected the fact that sprint swimmers need to create an extra activation on their neuromuscular system in order to race at the best of their capacities. Many of those methods have been based on post-activation potentiation (PAP). A procedure which improves muscle contractility both in strength and speed through previously applying maximal or submaximal conditioning exercises on the muscle system. The aim of this study was testing different PAP protocols on sprint swimming performance. Methods: This study received the approval of the ethics committee of the research board’s university and all the protocols accomplished with the declaration of Helsinki regarding the use of human subjects. Thirty trained swimmers volunteered to participate on this study and signed informed consent. First of all, all the swimmers were obtained the maximal repetition lifting load (RM), through strength tests consisting on an incremental load repetition test both for lower and upper limbs. In order to obtain results related to specific swimming-movements, PAP methods were extrapolated from experimental conditions and tested on a swimming start performance. Free-weight load lifting and maximal eccentric flywheel contractions simulating the movement of a swimming start were tested. Kinetic and kinematic variables of performance were obtained through a dynamometer experimental block start station and by photogrammetry. Individual’s strength index were also discussed and related to the results. Finally, conditioning exercises simulating arm strokes in swimming through free-weight and eccentric flywheel were tested on the variables of competition of a swimming race. Results: Swimming starts were able of being improved through PAP as velocity at take-off was higher, specially after eccentric warm-up protocols. These improvements would come from improvements on the vertical vectors of force/impulse developed by the lower limbs on the block. In fact, stronger athletes seemed to react better to PAP protocols, possibly because myosin phosphorylation (main PAP precursor) is more frequent on type II fibers. The first meters of a swimming race might be improved by using PAP. However, some swimming patterns as stroke length might be deteriorated along the race. Conclusion: Fatigue and potentiation co-exists as responses of PAP, therefore, it generates very individualized responses, specially in males. Positive results might be obtained from applying PAP methods on the swimming start impulse although is still needed finding a suitable intensity for the conditioning exercises applied on upper limbs. Acknowledgements: DEP2014-59707-P: SWIM: Specific Water Innovative Measurements, applied to the development of International Swimmers in Short Swimming Events (50and100m).CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

SHORT COURSE 50M MALE FREESTYLE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SPANISH SWIMMERS

We aimed to analyse and compare the race components of national (47) and regional (158) male swimmers taking part in 50 m freestyle short course event. The relative contribution of each component, the split differences and relative splits were considered. A swimming race analysis system and an automatic swimming performance analysis (ASPA) were applied in the study. National male swimmers obtained significantly shorter times than regional: T10, 3.65 ± 0.14 s vs 4.56 ± 0.43 s; T15, 6.11 ± 0.18 s vs 7.47 ± 0.62 s; TTV15m, 6.99 ± 0.22 s vs 8.42 ± 0.71 s; T50, 23.25 ± 0.57 s vs 27.70 ± 2.16 s; higher SR (cyc•min-1) 60.2 ± 4.13 vs 57.6 ± 5.51; longer SL(m) 1.97 ± 0.15 vs 1.78 ± 0.15; and higher SI(m2•s-1) 3.89 ± 0.36 vs 3.011 ± 0.37. Differences in performances between national and regional Spanish groups were explained by the absolute split times, stroke length and stroke index. These differences were not found analysing the relative splits and indicates a similar race strategy regardless of the swimmers level