Investigating the Causes of Elderly People Leaving Home during Coronavirus Disease-19 Epidemic

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease affects all age groups, especially the elderly, and regarding the high mortality rate among the elderly, preventive measures are needed to reduce mortality in the elderly. AIM: This study was conducted to investigate the causes of in elderly people leaving home in time of COVID-19 epidemic. METHODS: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study performed on 1656 elderly people in Urmia, Iran, by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, a questionnaire on the causes of the elderly leaving home during the COVID-19 epidemic. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher tests using SPSS 23 software. RESULTS: The results revealed that the highest concern of the elderly to leave home was to receive health services (45.89%) such as visiting the doctor or the caregiver, receiving medication, and so on. As the second priority, buying daily necessities such as bread, food, clothes … (42.75%) was one of the reasons for the elderly to leave home. Furthermore, education, gender, age, underlying diseases, occupation, and living conditions of the elderly were related to the needs of health services and living necessities and this relationship was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Effective interventions should be designed based on the causes of the elderly leaving home, including the use of home distance care and health ambassadors to estimate the needs and causes of leaving home. Therefore, the elderly would be protected from this disease and its mortality

Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Strategies of Coronavirus COVID 19 in Iran: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Following the announcement of the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 as a global and emergency state of international health emergency; posing a serious threat to the physical health and lives of individuals transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. The virus causes respiratory symptoms and damages to other organs, sometimes leading to death in case of exacerbation of symptoms. AIM: This study was conducted through reviewing various articles related to COVID-19 disease, with the purpose of reviewing the epidemiology, prevention and control strategies of COVID-19 coronavirus in Iran. METHODS: In the present review study, the articles indexing in the Persian and Latin databases of SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, MedRxiv, and WHO were examined based on MESH keywords. Finally, 38 articles, 5 protocols and reports were reviewed. RESULTS: According to the report of the WHO on July 22, 2020, 14,765,256 people worldwide have been infected and 612,054 people have died of this virus. Moreover, in Iran, according to the WHO report, 278,827 people were infected and 14,634 people died of the virus until July 22, 2020. Respiratory droplets are the main way of transmission and it can also be transmitted through close contact. According to research, 51% of patients with chronic disease show symptoms such as fever (83%), cough (82%), shortness of breath (31%), muscle pain (11%), fatigue (9%), headache (8%), sore throat (5%), had rhinorrhea (4%), chest pain (2%), diarrhea (2%), and nausea and vomiting (1%). There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and clinical treatment for COVID-19 has so far been limited to prophylaxis and palliative care. Quarantine alone is not enough to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Basic health measurements to prevent the spread of the disease include frequent handwashing and the use of personal protective equipment such as masks. CONCLUSION: Extensive research can be the key to solve the existing challenges in the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. The best ways to fight the new corona disease include educating the people, providing accurate information, providing personal protective equipment, canceling meetings and emphasizing citizens homeliving and regular handwashing, observing social distancing, and finally identifying suspicious cases and quarantine

Assessment of Fetal and Infant health status based on Non-Stress Test

Introduction: Non stress test (NST) is commonly considered as a screening test to assess the health of the fetus especially in high risk pregnancies in most studies. The purpose of this study was to Assessment of fetal and Infant health status based on Non-Stress Test. Methods: This study was a case-control design carried out on 984 pregnant in Urmia selected by census sampling during 2014-2015; 500 pregnant had experienced NST and considered as case group and 484 pregnant had not experienced NST and considered as control group. Data were collected using records of NST among mothers and checklist including variables related to maternal characteristics such as fetal characteristics. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 22 software. Results: In pregnant women who experienced NST, the mean age, Apgar min 1 and 5 was significantly different and NST group had better situation than other group (p=0.001).  Fetal distress was more in the presence of meconium (p=0.0001). In binary logistic regression analysis, meconium and NST were presented as a risk factor in the model, that is, by shifting one level of the meconium or NST status (yes/no) (OR Meconium = 14.262, p = 0.0001; OR NST = 2.874, p = 0.001).  Conclusion: Using non stress test to observe the abnormal results of the fetus especially meconium-stained amniotic fluid is crucial and vital because can prevent the fetal distress, infection of pregnant women and fetus and even the mortality of the fetus. &nbsp

Correlation between Spiritual Health and Health Locus of Control in Nursing and Midwifery Students of the Islamic Azad University of Urmia, Iran

Background and Objectives: In today's world, the role of spirituality and its components in the prevention and treatment of public health and health issues is being taken into consideration. Given the importance of nursing and midwifery, this study was conducted to determine correlation between spiritual health and health locus of control in nursing and midwifery students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 300 nursing and midwifery students in 2015. Spiritual health was measured by Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Well-Being Scale and locus of control measured by Walston's Multidimensional Measure of Health Locus of Control. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS 16. Results: The students' mean score for spiritual health was 92.28±16.35 of total score 120. The mean score for religious and existential well-being was 48.54 and 43.74, respectively. There was a significant and positive correlation between spiritual health and internal health locus of control, and a significant and negative correlation between spiritual health and external health locus of control. Conclusion: Spiritual health was significantly correlated with health locus of control. Therefore, planners are recommended to take necessary measures to promote nursing and midwifery students' spiritual health so that their health loci of control can be improved

Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Systematic Review

Objective. To provide a systematic review of the social consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. In the present study, articles indexed in Persian and Latin databases (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Magiran). 43 documents published in the last 3 years in Persian or English language were reviewed. The research steps were performed according to PRISMA writing standard and the quality assessment was done by two researchers independently with Newcastle Ottawa Scale tools for observational studies according to the inclusion criteria. Results. Measures to break the chain of virus transmission and to control the COVID-19 pandemic have caused major problems in the economic, social, political and psychological spheres and have affected billions of people worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has caused widespread unrest in society and unprecedented changes in lifestyle, work and social interactions, and increasing social distance has severely affected human relations. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has social consequences in certain groups can exacerbate their unfavorable situation. Special groups in crisis situations should be given more attention, and clear and precise policies and programs should be developed to support themObjetivo. Realizar uma revisão sistemática das consequências sociais da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. No presente estudo, os artigos indexados nas bases de dados latinas e persas (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar e Magiran) foram revisadas, logo se recuperaram 43 documentos publicados nos últimos 3 anos em persa ou em inglês. Os passos da revisão se realizaram segundo o protocolo PRISMA e, para reduzir o viés na avaliação da qualidade, os artigos selecionados foram avaliados qualitativamente por dois investigadores de forma independente com a ferramenta de Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados.As medidas para romper a cadeia de transmissão do vírus e para o controle da pandemia de COVID-19 há causado importantes problemas nas esferas económica, social, política e psicológica e há afetado a milhares de pessoas no mundo. A crise pela pandemia de COVID-19 há provocado um mal-estar generalizado na sociedade e câmbios sem precedentes no estilo de vida, no trabalho e nas interações sociais. O aumento da distância social há afetado gravemente às relações humanas. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem consequências sociais que podem agravar a situação desfavorável de grupos vulneráveis. Se deve brindar mais atenção aos coletivos especiais nas situações de crise e desenvolver políticas e programas claros e precisos para apoiá-los.Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática de las consecuencias sociales de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. En el presente estudio se revisaron los artículos indexados en bases de datos latinas y persas (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar y Magiran), luego de lo cual se recuperaron 43 documentos publicados en los últimos 3 años en persa o en inglés. Los pasos de la revisión se realizaron según el protocolo PRISMA y, para reducir el sesgo en la evaluación de la calidad, los artículos seleccionados se evaluaron cualitativamente por dos investigadores de forma independiente con la herramienta de Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados. Las medidas para romper la cadena de transmisión del virus y para el control de la pandemia de COVID-19 han causado importantes problemas en las esferas económica, social, política y psicológica y han afectado a miles de millones de personas en el mundo. La crisis por la pandemia ha provocado un malestar generalizado en la sociedad y cambios sin precedentes en el estilo de vida, el trabajo y las interacciones sociales. El aumento de la distancia social ha afectado gravemente las relaciones humanas. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 tiene consecuencias sociales que pueden agravar la situación desfavorable de grupos vulnerables. Se debe brindar más atención a los colectivos especiales en situaciones de crisis y desarrollar políticas y programas claros y precisos para apoyarlos